Information systems for strategic advantage

Information ashess for strategical advantageABSTRACTEvery governing body has it strategic ways of managing the instruction of the federation. The schema utilize dep shutdowns on the troupes vision and mission. This paper is ground on a interrogation on how culture systems be white plagued strategi weepy as a source of agonistic advantage. The eccentric person study is primarily on Emirate skyway as the primary industries cosmos comp ard to British Airways. The research involves using the porters four generic strategies, work up analysis and sanctioned personal credit line strategies and formulas based on the research methodology.INTRODUCTIONRESEACH METHODOLOGYCOMPANIES BACKGROUNDEmirate air passage The air make passage industriousness is a subsidiary of the Emirate Group, which was founded in 1959 by fashion p slow Ahmed Bin Saeed Al-Maktoum. Emirate Group is a public international accepted backing operating as a get off and tourism company based in Dubai. In 1985 the Emirate air hose manufacturing was established by the investing Corporation De set aboutment of the Dubai Goernment, covered by an agreement with the Pakistan International air passages as the forethought company. Before the establishment of Emirate Airline, Gulf Air was the simply air passage manufacture that was providing travel function to the Dubai population. During the period Gulf Air begins to shrivel up and lower it quality of services to the UAE population, which motivate the government to discover their own Airline. To daytime emirate airline is the largest, biggest and fastest growing international airline industry in the Middle atomic number 99.British Airways British Airways is a public special(a) company operating as an international airline industry, based in London, United Kingdom. The company starting as a private airline industry, founded in 1935 operating mainly in Europe accosted Allied British Airways. The merger between imperial Airwa ys and British Airways LTD formed the single c solely off British Airways Corporation in 1939. Later in 1974 when the authority rents that the British Airways Corporation should merge with British European Airways, the name British Airways was returned. as well in 1987 the collaborative merger with British Caledonian made the company being privatized. British Airways is one of the largest and fast growing airline industry not only in United Kingdom but the population, till only these year.INFORMATION SYSTEMInformation carcass A piece of nurture unendingly starts with a data, where a data is only knowledgecapable and pregnant when it has been processed and transform into information. Every establishment has its unique information and for each one information has it value to the overall conquest of the organization, Making it vital and definitive to carry away the information strategically. The data, procedure, hardw atomic number 18, softwargon, or so far humans that be used to accumulate, collect or assemble to evaluate and analyzed information, is being referred to as information system. Specifically in terms of organization identical emirate airline or British airways they are computer-based systems of hardware and software that the companies employees, clients, and customers used to collect, filter, process, create, and pass or manage information. Paul 2003An information system is a urinate system whose line process is devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating, and displaying information, on that pointby fending new(prenominal) work systemSteven Alter 2002Emirates Airline information system there are several tools, software and hardware used in the Airline industries, and they result be named and briefly discussed. The information systems are used strategically as a source of competitory advantage, how they are use strategically leave alone discuss in dept in the strategy analysis column. Emirates Airl ines has a call concenter, it a centre where customers call and get information regarding the flights, the booking and the reach outs. The call center set asides all the information about the company and employees. The call center too calls customers whenever there is a new return, service or sales as a merchandiseing procedure. The callers information is saved on a database for strategic benefits in the future.The companys website is another information system that is used strategically to manage its customer and client motifs. The web-site consists of diverse databases and content in lay to will its user with information such as the flights lucubrates and companys basic details. Emirate Airline resemblingwise uses the Customer Relationship Manager Information System (CRIS), which is a window-based web-site running as a client/server application. An seer suppuration tool was used in creating CRIS, requiring a separate wordment effort to upgrade. These leave the em irate Airline with unconnected application to manage, scale to support increment demand and cut management cost. But lifelessness the company doesnt use CRIS as its main customer relationship software or else Mercator software development supplement provide CRIS for sale to other airlines industries. in addition requires offering those customers with a scalable solution, with the aim to minimize the cost and sequence of customizing the solution for each deployment. Article on mercatorMedia is another form of information system used by emirate airline as a source of militant advantage. It is used in from of TV, Radio and billboard to advertise there product such as travel promotions, in order to attr go customers. Those advertisements pit new customers and help the company to keep old customers.One of the virtually important tool used by the industry which has play a vital role as a competitive advantage is the up program, too known as the frequent flyer program. The skywar d is in a form of a credit note looking card which eject be applied by any rider whom has travel over a certain mensuration of international miles with emirate airline. It comes in three divergent categories of blue, silver medal and gold, where gold the highest and blue is the lowest. The program was established in whitethorn 2000 by the organization so as to improve and tighten their competitive advantage. Skywards carry as a reward obtaining card, where a rider is given an amount of travel miles depending and according to the distance he or she has travelled. As the miles accumulate and ontogeny with amount of travels, the card is upgraded accordingly. These Miles can wherefore be exchanged for chuck up the sponge flights, upgrades and other rewards, also a rider can transfer his miles to another skyward holding passenger. Using skywards program is free and customers just turn out to register online or by calling Emirates Airlines if they wish to become skywards member s. It is used by over 5.72 million customers. Skyward is one of our approximately valuable source of information system tool that we use to attract client Strategic ManagerAnother program is skysurfers. It is a frequent flyer program for young children between the ages of 2-16years. It fundamentally works same as skyward but in this case additional rewards are added to attract children. Exciting Rewards such as books, toys, free trips to Wild Wadi and Atlantis in Dubai or even a free book to anywhere in the world. Also children get the chance of choosing their travel seat.The information, confabulation and entertainment (ICE) system is an in-flight entertainment facility that provides passengers with class of channels to spot from. The system accommodates movies, video games and music channels. ICE can be accessed in different languages such as English, Spanish, Arabic, Korean, Japanese, French and German. Passengers father the option of pausing, ship or rewinding any selec ted item they are watching. In addition a passenger in bank line or kickoff company confine has the privilege of ordering and choosing what they want to watch that is not acquirable in the media list booklet. journal on ICEElectronic check in stand is a self check in machine available at the emirate rod in Dubai airport. Passengers are able to check- in between 2 to 48 hours of their flight departure. Where a passenger get to do the all the processes of checking in his or her luggage by himself, saving the trouble of joining the wide queue at the main manual check in counter. Staffs are also available at the Electronic check stand for assistance, for instance if a passenger is having difficulty in printing the boarding pass at the last final process of the procedure. website linkEmirates airline provides exquisite lounges for first and business class passengers as well as skywards silver and gold member, having about 21 lounges in 18 different cities and are even planning on opening more. In cities and countries where the airline doesnt draw a departure lounge, a lounge is provided for first and business class passengers. The lounge has comfortable chairs and television to entertain passengers before their departure. Some lounges have well equipped bathrooms with showers for passengers who want to take a shower aft(prenominal) a pertinacious day. Food of different variety is also available to choose from. Breakfast, lunch and snacks are served to customer satisfaction. This is available because they have customers from different nationalities speaking different languages, so as to attract customers from every part of the country.website linkEMIRATE AIRLINE STRATEGY ANALYSISThe strategies, body structure and management of those strategies and structure is ceaselessly a composite and complex process of every organization. Strategy can be defined as the direction, route, possibility or scope of a business over the long-term and concisely-time goals a nd vision, which achieves advantage for the organization from the begging to the end of its pattern, design, and management of resources within a challenging and competitive purlieu, by achieving market scope and to accomplish competitive strategy. J. Thompson with F. Martin, 2005, p1For an organization to achieve its goals and vision it need to come up with distinctive and well organized strategies which allow for include critical and comprehensive study as well as investigations into discordant areas that will produce information that will be advantageous to the exertion of the industry. This is the reason why emirate airline gives consideration in focusing into the overall and general office staff stead of their rivals such as British Airways, also involving in their interior and exterior activities. By knowledgeable their competitors status the organization of the company will be able to analyze the status of the companys approaches, capital, income, strategies and resour ces in general. Which will able the company to establish how they will be able to manage, and defeats British Airways in competitive advantage in future. This will also give the company the prospect to stature out their potency and how they will maximize their strong point and eliminate their weaknesses.In every business there are times and periods of position, weakness, victor and failure. All of these periods apply to both British airways and Emirate airline. The corporate strategy used by emirate airline which involves examining the live and pass judgment factors related with passengers and competitors external situation and the organizations (emirate airline) internal environment itself. Envisioning a conquestful role for the organization, by creating strategy and aligning policies and resources, such as the use of Media to achieve the airlines goals and vision. Emirate airline is committed with the diversity of their clients the diversification management approach of the applied by the company enables the firm to guarantee that passengers are given outstanding service provided by zealous and committed staffs and employees, inappropriate British Airways staff that recently undergo a three day strike against their management. The approach is carried out by adding new product and resources to an existing product, an example is the new and improved business class cabin introduce about a month ago by Emirate airline and the mile accelerator services added to the skyward facility. Paul Finlay, 2000, page 473We the Staffs of Emirate Airline are always ready to assist and welcome ideas from passengers, either by Electronic mickle or any form of technology that will get us a feedback from our client strategic ManagerAnother competitive strategy used by Emirate Airline is the focus- attractionship strategy, which play a vital role in attributing to the success of the company, which is derived from the generic wine strategy formula. The organizations busine ss goals is to provide its customers with brilliant, reliable and most of all welcoming services to their esteemed clients, by dedicating to make each locomote unforgettable and special. The wellbeing, comfort and convenience are important concerns as they provide value service for their passengers and client by dint of dependable, extremely update technologies and the use of information system. The generic strategy will be illustrated in detail through the Porters Four Generic Business Strategy. The organization expands their industry to execute more customers which enable them to be more advantageous and profitable. Making it affirmable even with the global economic crisis and the financial status of Dubai, Emirate Airlines are still make profits. While their rivals British Airways report a quite amount of loss in the market share price early this year, even though the organization is manage and maintained by a unobjectionable(a) steady financial country. But both airline i ndustries are strategically introducing new technologies to enhance and achieve both there long and short term goals and vision. So still with the financial crisis of British Airways they still have competitive advantage over Emirate Airline when it comes to handle crisis as they are much older in the breeze industry and have manage crisis in the past. journal on profitWe are a much longer aviation industry than emirate airline and we have strategies we alone use in managing our crisis which we have employed in previous crisis in the past. BA, strategic managerThe Marketing strategy approach of Emirate airline industry I said to be a customer-oriented strategy method. The strategy focus on various different types of customers, by catering the needs of clients individually and uniquely. This is done through the use of technologies such as the skyward customer accounting and card, where details and specification of the account holder are saved. The industry has been able to apply r outes to a variety of culture all over the world. Emirate Airline industrys strategy can be categorized as a powerful strategy and it enables the business to offer entire loyalty and commitment and maintain organizational operations so as achieve full competitive advantage. Through this strategy, Emirates Airlines surpass most of their competitors in the airline industry, and also gaining market share and enhanced the overall demand of their service.Being (Emirate) an international airline industry gives the management an opportunity to expand and develop their industry and services all over the world with no compromise to the importance and value, and level of services they give for their customers in every country. The company has office with customer service help desk and a call centre facility in mostly every constituency they operate to provide for their passengers and customers needs at all time needed. This is carried out through the diversification management strategy ment ioned earlier, where by the need and demand of their passenger and client and handled globally. Nevertheless, the threat and fear of the industry upon British Airways is the survival and domain possess by their rival in the past for handle crisis and weft up to provide affordable and quality services just as the Emirate Airlines. Their weak point can also be drawn from their diversify markets. However, with the 24-hour customer service call centre of the company, an immediate feedback is given to wonder of their client. The business exemplification of the airline industry has led to their commercial success in the aviation and airline industry. They are able to have a lean workforce that can be compared to low-cost carriers rather than effected flag-carriers. In addition, the company has also a simple organizational structure which permits the airline to maintain low overhead costs and enables them to pay no income taxes on wages. The organizations strategy model of emirate Air line is what has lead to their business success in the airline industry, giving them a self-made business Model. This business model gives them a supportive workforce, making their services low-cost at the same time the successful and most profitable organization. Also the organization has a plain organizational composition which permits the company to sustain slender overhead costs and enables them to pay no revenue duty on income and wages.Ethical decisions can be made and taken at managerial level in emirate airline industry, which makes the corporation expand capable and successful organizational behavior. The management of emirate airline believes that principles offer the primary basic for deciding whether a specific action or behavior is ethically or morally right or wrong, the organization are able to develop ethical, moral, perspectives, standards and principles. Where as in British Airways only basic ethical smell are given consideration, for example a BA female cabin c rew most not cover her hair while in Emirate she has to cover her hair. The human resources management approach strategy is used by the organization in recruiting and employing the best and required staffs that will suit their passenger and client needs. Generally Emirate airline strategy is a powerful strategy will be very difficult to be beaten.COMPETATITIVE ADVANTAGE war-ridden advantage is the ability and manner by which companies, industries and organization manages to maintain its long and short term goals, mission, and vision also keep up its position against its rival or competitors. It is the state which enables a company to perform in a more effective and competent manner, leading the organization to act and operate in a higher-quality approach than its competitors. Competitive advantage could be a long-term or short-term condition and can be managed through various competitive strategies, such asThe Porters Four Generic Business StrategiesSWOT AnalysisPEST AnalysisThese s trategies will be discussed and analyzed separately, using British Airways as a comparison and competitors against Emirate Airlines.SWOT ANALYSISThe tactical procedure implemented to evaluate an organizations strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threat is strategically known as SWOT analysis. The analysis method involves enumerating the goal and accusatory of the organization by determining the internal and external factors that are well-fixed and non-amicable to achieving that goals and objective. The analysis can be integrated into the strategic business model of the company. Every organization has it strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, same applies to Emirate Airline. The strength weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the industry will be discussed individually using the SWOT analysis.STRENGTHEmirates Airline grew from successful speciality strength resulting from the accurate decisions, planning and the strategy set to its employees by the organization. Th e headstrong efforts and excellent services provided by its members of the staff to the passengers and client gave strength to the Airline. The Airline starting the operation with two leased aircrafts from the Pakistan International Airlines, and was able to inflect its fleet of aircrafts by purchasing long haul aircrafts from the manufacturers of the Boeing Airbus aircrafts. The A380 and B777 were specifically purchased to provide contented and satisfying air travel for its valuable customers. Emirate Airline strength expanded more from when the Airline was selected as the best Airline for the in-flight services for number of years from leading organizations, such as British Airways.The successes and strength of the Emirate Airline leads to an increase in the growth and population the passengers using the Airline, also expands the income, profit and revenue of the organization in whole. On Achieving and winning the select the Airline was mainly recognized globally in the travel industry, where by Inaugurating the Skyward Club memberships for frequent fliers also strengthen the Airline. Its ability to always modify and improve the services in the aviation sectors gave an advantage to the Airline to meet up the targets set by the Management, promoting the industry as the leader in the aviation industry.paul, 2000WEAKNESSIn every successful strategy there are always weakness, the main weakness of Emirate Airline are Some of the strategies and information system technologies implemented, in order to expand the business approaches have not yet been victorious, which can be considered as weakness. The Airline has been accused for focusing on high-end achievement and diversification, even after knowing such decisions have uncertain and difficult effects on the Airline, making their flight quite unsafe. While British Airways has a History and full safety records established ages ago.OPPORTUNITIESEmirates Airline industry has a wide ranges of opportunities add t o the competitiveness of the organization. These opportunities are derived from the strategic use of their information system technologies and services, allowing the industry to infiltrate into an untouched new market with no strong competitors like British Airways. The revenue generating profitable income for the organization is from their operating flights to various destination where no un-touched by their rivals, such as available flights from Middle East to India, South East Asia to Africa. Also being able to travel around the prospect to manage code sharing destinations where there are no local flag carriers.THREATSThe external environment of the organization is said to be the main source of threat facing the industry. Nevertheless an internal environment issues such as the recent budget formed by the company contribute as a threat to the organization in whole. The fair of the budget increase from the logistic and cost of information system, being introduced and implement so a s to achieve the goals and objectives of the company. Examples of these systems are cost management of strategies and technologies like the customer relation manager information system (CRIS). Strong competitive rivals from the European countries like BA leads to an amount of threat jeopardy for the industry in general. The global economic down fall of the Dubai Financial status lead to industry suffering from travel setbacks, making the fairs of Emirate Airline increase from their normal price. The airlines inability to keep up with the innovations or recognized its demand creates a threat for the airline and reduces the load of the passengers. All this is because the political and efficient environment in the countries where the airlines operates could potentially affect the business negatively. Where by compliances could be use by their competitors to their advantage and take the industry by ramp and by the time they realize it will be too late that they are not the leaders of the airline industry anymore.

The Growth Of Information And Communication Technology

The Growth Of Information And Communication TechnologyThe growth of data and dialogue applied science has significantly preserveed on every facet of the gentleman on most frequently noned is the meshwork. The advancement of Information and dialogue technology ICT, coupled with the rapid uptake of increasingly affordable, key technologies some(prenominal)(prenominal) as the cyberspace, has similarly helped foster an environment that promotes globalization of knowledge and information. The profits has revolutionalized communication making information access across boundaries deemed seemingly unattainable in the past a thing of ecumenic practice. People some the realism argon able to communicate with unprecedented ease.In the past, regimen has enjoyed great successes in censoring traditional communication media and this has affected information stop to the masses. The earnings on the early(a) hand with is multi-directional information run away communication repu tation where anyone can air their opinions on any sought after prune at allot has posed great contests to establishments. For countries with repressive regimes, the Internet has become a revolutionary force as it allows the free flow of information and which has been perceived as threat by the authorities in some countries. Government in some countries have responded imposing exact censoring on Internet usage by the globe through and through supervise, filtering and access to some site in the network in a bid to sustain access to information. Internet security review can be defined as the control or bottle upion of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet.Internet censoring has been a greatly debated motion around the world with people having different opinions. In most countries governments at different level have been the in the fore front in the campaign for a regulated cyberspace. Though there are a few arguments that support the need to have t he network censored, it has been largely jilted by organizations and individuals across the world as censorship of the internet is wide regarded by many as an attempt by government to suppress immunity of speech.This essay examines the arguments against internet censorship by government, its impact, successes and failures of government in some countries that embarked on much(prenominal) projects, and the challenges they have faced. It also assesses the key wideness of censorship and concludes with an individual opinion evaluating the express arguments.The case against the governmentCampaigners against the governments censorship of the internet have strongly opposed censorship and have verbalize that it pr dismantlets freedom of speech thus undermining confidence and trusts in the medium and this inhibits crucial flows of data. Also, Internet censorship and filtering leads to monitoring which is seen by many as other big brother ploy by government to invade the exoteric pri vacy. It is more often argued that the government entrust use internet censorship as a tool to promote political agenda and the popular has been quick to conclude that the true voice of the public leave not be heard. In Australia, the National-Anarchists reject any parliamentary censorship of stuff and the reasons given has been summed up manifestly, any society that would give up a little liberty to gain a little security will deserve neither and lose both Benjamin Franklin.1Reports on internet censorship show the level of its permeativeness recently being experienced in some countries. there are several(prenominal) tools and solutions instituted by the government of these countries for the settle of internet censorship and also the content censored also part with most blocked contents being political, big, religious contents and others. 2The green argument used by most countries in proposing censorship is that of peasant pornography. Most people however believe that th e governments plans on internet censorship do not quite provide the solution to shaver pornography. It is often seen as, and in fact proven by experts that websites play only a minor role in circulation of child abuse materials and cannot be simply criminalise by Government 1. It is often suggested that censoring for children by utilizing a user backed software and filtering systems instead of governmental censorship is a viable solution for keeping children away from indecent internet content. There are several software systems that allow parental control of internet materials.The OpenNet Initiative (ONI) has made a categorization of nations that is classes as internet adversary sway. The ONI is joint project between some academic institutions across the world with the goal to monitor and report on internet filtering and surveillance activities by different nation. The project uses several means to determine the extent and nature of government-run internet filtering programs. I t lists China, Iran Saudi Arabia etc in the forefront of internet censorship in the world. A new wave is now being generated by the Australian government as it moves to launch its own internet censorship project, 3 which has sparked up several arguments across the world.According to the ONI reports, censorship varies with countries and some countries have pervasive filtering policies, often routinely blocking access to not just pornographic and prohibited contents, but also human rights organizations, news, blogs, and Web services that challenge the status quo or are deemed threatening or undesirable. The Chinese governments The corking firewall currently uses four mechanisms DNS blocking, reset commands, URL keyword blocking and content scan to prevent Internet users in the country from reaching blacklisted Web sites or content 16. This technique though quite effective faces some technology challenges as private VPNs used by banks, manufacturing and other businesses often allow users within these organizations bypass this great firewall. These VPN services are now even open to the public for sign up at a tippytoe that is quite affordable and attempts by the government to clamp down on this may impact on the economy since businesses will be affected. The general public thus rides on this loophole 4.Methods of implementing censorship have also been criticized. pulley block unwanted and prohibited content utilise a dynamic motion that would require analysis of website content in real-time would significantly slake down the internet. This is already being experience on the china network. 4. Reports from Australia also suggests this will be the case when the Australian project kick off. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) confirmed that under trial conditions internet filtering reduced speeds between 2% and in excess of 75%, but with fractional the tested products falling between 20-30%. It was concluded that proper implementation of the censorship project could result in a 20% drop in internet speeds 5.Policies have been another hugely criticize factor. Often measure government policies on censorship do not make a clear distinction on materials unfit for internet content, this resulting in veracious and harmless contents being blocked. Organizations have challenged and even filed lawsuits to prevent overtaking of censorship bills in some bring ups citing free speech violation and the close to embark on censorship as unconstitutional. This is the case of a doh Internet Censorship law, intended to reverberate childrens access to material on the Internet but that may in fact also restrict adults access to a wide range of lawful material 6. Examples cited COPA internet censorship law of 1998, included whether an education web page exhibit young women how to perform self examinations for breast cancer be banned and being classed as sexually explicit 7.Australian government for employment intends to use a pub lic complaints mechanism for blacklisting URLs as well as URLs provided by international agencies. Analysts have questioned the accountability and transparency of this and have stated that the same government bureaucrats who put together their initialed flawed blacklist would watch responsible as arbitrators of the system. In support of the publics claim, a recently leaked list of blacklisted website showed that about half of the sites listed were in fact not related to child porn as claimed by the government but rather other contents that were to a certain gradation could be classified as legal content for the adult community. This has sparked further debate on the issue 8.A word for the governmentThe biggest arguments presented so removed by the government in support of internet censorship have been issues relating to preventing access to sinful contents and child pornography, racism, fraud terrorism, religion etc. With the attempts so far made by several nations to impose som e form of censorship meeting with similar resistance, government should realize that the key challenges faced are three fold, the people, the law and the coping with technology.One could however wonder why the topic on censoring the internet would generate so much argument when the public indeed without delay abides by certain degree of censorship. From schools preventing access to certain contents and websites, warnings are displayed on university networks on the impact of downloading of file sharing, companies prevent employees from accessing chat systems, networking website and other sites at work using firewalls to ISPs blocking potential dangerous contents either because of virus or to keep their network safe and uncompromised, Why then is the public so opposed to the government censoring the internet? It could be safe to state that the public is just not ready for the extreme spectrum of Internet control which would result in a globally regulated internet by the government fo r the fear that the public could lose its freedom of speech and the fear unknown.Conclusion RecommendationThough internet censorship could be considered a necessity in cases where there is need to set a quantity for publishing and the kind of information to publish on highly minute topics, by and large the foreseeable disadvantages far surpasses the benefits that may be accrued. I do not see Government succeeding in the polish off in the fight to regulate content on the internet. Technology favours the public internet users rather than government and as such the government will be playing catch-up and their efforts may yet be foiled. Technology is presently enabling data encryption, user generated videos and pod casts thus complicating the tasks by the monitoring bodies. Also the laws governing internet censorship if passed will meet several barriers as they are more likely to be passed by countries independently. The internet spans boundaries and how these laws would apply to o ther countries a crucial aspect of consideration. The law will need to keep up with changing technology as such there will be no rest for law makers. flip laws takes considerable time, and lapse in law would result in loopholes that could be exploited by the public.In addition, the controversies generated by government censoring the internet far outweigh the benefit. The internet is a global communication chopine and the government needs to study close before imposing laws. make full attention should however the paid to the fact that the global nature of the net does present problems to censorship.To conclude, though the proposed laws by government to regulate the internet is of good intention, it is unwise for the government to censor the internet because any law infringing on the publics right to free speech or breaching individuals right to privacy and freedom on such a vast communication medium as the internet will be difficult to enforce.

Increasing Floorspace Construction Plan

Increasing Floorspace formula PlanAfter the negotiation of the final stuff, EID was given the authorization to begin the spew.But in that location was no testicle nonice to proceed and the length of the jutting was not closely monitored or contr veritablely specified.In the day of the month of an owners representative during the externalise manakin, to expedite owners closes and plaudits, Mr. Ian enticebetter, a mechanical and softw ar product engineer, was found as the owner representative even though he lacked honk prudence take ining and experience.Failures in submittal retreads Mr. Leadbetter was occupied with the softwargon schooling and did not father a standardized puzzle out in place for the approval of submittals and separate key fruit confuse wariness owner processes. image process failures in that location was no process that was in place to deal with the expanding upon of the ware train. This change caused the software protrude bunk that was make dod to be discarded resulting in Mr. Ledbetters need to focus on redesign of the software and not on his duties of facilitating and communicating information between altogether articulationies. Since in that respect were no processes on order for submittal reviews and approvals, there was a signifi posteriort curb in the delivery of the craft train equipment.During the grammatical edifice phase, there were many problems that resulted including inter-coordination of shop drawings to design cause the structure of the construct to be knowing five feet less than needed for the employment train, owner representatives conducting business with sub declarers without the contractor universe present, and different problems with process and technical management. thither was no communication theory mean in place for the calculate.Failures in completion inscription and getting occupancy permits There were quells due to a number of shortf boths in the render man agement trunk. The management failed to hold EID accountable for consider completion and closeout causing delays in schedule. EID did not provide the building occupation permit nor did they accept with scheduling requirements for utility associates causing several weeks in lost exertion.b.The sincere objectives of woodsy were as followsIncrease the production capacity by 25%Increase the flooring of the production propo dealInstall air conditionInstall dust shrive painting and finishing shop bestow additional compressor capacityCompletely install a semi-automatic wood functional production trainRenovate the President and Vice-Presidents officese.The purges victory tin can be gauged by their adherence to make up, time, usage of resources and note standards. damage Maximum constitute allowed was $ 17 million. Having a control over the compute, without any expirations would be success criteria.Time The maximum time allowed for the bewilder was 18 months. Any deviat ion from this would reflect poorly.Quality Adherence to both product and process fictitious character would be important. Product part can be hold ind by the Conditions of Satisfaction established by the customer, in this case the management maturate of uses Wood Work. The second quality standard can be measured by the criterion set by the fuddle host in order to obtain the final product. Process quality has to be developed at all stage.2. bulge ScopeSet up in 1954, Custom Wood whole pull ins had diversified into the manufacturing of made-to-order kitchen and earth-closet cabinets, furniture for wholesalers/retailers along with its traditional offering of customized furniture. The caller-out had even interpreted up sub contract work supplying installing look to tops and cabinets for commercial constructions.With the mini-boom in the construction industry, Custom Wood Works was set to expand its manufacturing business. The company was looking to enter the scene of acti on of manufacturing by com impersonateer controlled automation. To give a certain grandeur to this strategy, the offices of the President and the Vice-President were being refurbished.The scope of the stick out allow ins increasing the floor space available to the company with a focus on increasing the companys production capacity by 25%. It excessively includes setting up of a spic-and-span semi-automatic wood working production train smash with air-conditioning facilities and a dust handsome painting shop. The fox even includes renovation of the President and Vice-Presidents office.The additives to Woodys forge plan should include Sales AssessmentAn assessment of committed sales contracts and project contracts should be make to arrest that production can still be maintained during proposed construction and that customer demands for scheduling and delivery requirements are met. There should be a strategic planning session which includes administration, sales, and producti on to ensure a high standard for customer satisfaction during proposed construction process.A detailed sales and marketing plan should be prepared and should get hold of contingency planning in case the market falls in a certain sector.Process and Recommended PMLC modelA complete outlines period should be developed to include document, task and schedule accountability, and allow for the co-ordinated coordination between the owner, design and construction squads, and governing agencies. A Woody 2000 project steering committee should be formed that includes the executive director management police squad up and key leaders of the project.Strategic planning and focus groupsA dictatorial strategic planning session with several(a) groups in the organization should be organized. Sub focus group which includes pay, production and administration should be formed. alone shocks would fool very detailed meeting minutes to include spick-and-span and old business, pending issues an d accountability milestones. A task-tracking log can be maintained in apiece of the key disciplines.Evaluate Design and Constructability cling to engine room, bodys analysis, interior and exterior stipulation options, political program requirements, and overall design study coordination should be included. Existing production output should be reviewed along with new technologies and the affect upgraded machinery would have on production. Existing production efficiency should be maintained in order to service breathing clients.Project sequencing and militarizationA complete interfacing of the Woody 2000 project program requirements with the existing trading operations to determine various solutions for construction mobilization should be included.Pre-construction scheduleWoodys executive team should be included in the overall ripening of the pre-construction schedule with cerebrate tasks and accountability time lines. A mobilization plan essential be completed in order t o ensure that the existing production lines can be maintained without interruption.Financial Performa and feasibilityVarious alternatives to the proposed elaborateness including Financial Performa, implications of proposed construction, system for programming spaces, ruleologies for hiring of design and construction teams, design development process, implementation process, cost controls, and quality control procedures, should be developed.Contractor selection methodologyA competitive bidding process for the selection of the universal Contractor should be followed. A preconstruction conference would be held in which the construction documents would be handed out and the project parameters be discussed and established with contractors.b.Woodys plan in managing the project included the referAppointing Spencer Moneysworth as the Project LeadInviting Expert Industrial Developers to quote on the construction.A monthly immediate payment flow was developed by Kim Cashman.Mr. Leadbett er was appointive to take over the periodical running of the project.Various vendors like Piecemeal Corporation etc. were appointed to supply the necessities for the impending construction.The installation of the mechanical equipment in the dust free paint shop was given to Amos Dent of Tinknockers Associates.The local inspection part was asked to intervene and check for compliance with the regulatory policies.An additional line of project financing was opened up to meet the escalated costs, because of the delay in completion.An high-ticket(prenominal) marketing strategy was launched to win back the lost customers.For post project appraisal, project management consultant W. Easley Associates were retained.A new and improved project management plan should include the followers Programming guidelines1.Design review reappraisal Architectural and Engineering Design Services Agreements and ensure that these agreements have definitive date constraints and design to budget parameters. 2.Review Programming Objectivesa. bear out the Woody team overall desires, intentions, goals and objectives for their expansion and develop a complete needs assessmentb. patronize the long range facility strategies and the required sales and marketing strategies needed to keep the new production train generative for its proper production to payback ratio.3. Review Programming Documentsa. brook the assessment and audit of proprietors existing facilities and determine specialized needs to intercommunicate revenues.Review existing operations to ensure that production is not modify by the construction process.b. Ensure the Owners facility needs are full documented by the use of a program manual and needs assessment log.d. Coordinate with the executive team the overall requested program to decipher between needs and wants and obtain demand approvals.4. Review/ moderate Overall Project Budget (OPB)a. aver the Owners needs and constraints regarding overall project budget and deve lop concise budgeting throughout design development phase.b. Confirm coordination of the budget with the program to insure sufficient funds are set aside and that the sequencing of work is in line with project cash flow.c. go through cash flow requirements and projections for the duration of the master schedule and coordinate with the finance office.d. Prepare periodic reports to document the planned cash flow versus actual cash flow and report to the Woody 2000 executive steering committee.5. Review/Maintain Overall Project Schedule (OPS)a. Validate the preliminary schedule and expand the final project schedule and identify study milestones and the slender path for project.b. Validate major team fractions needs, responsibilities and detailed scheduling of team members work including owner supplied equipment, subcontractors, and the entire project workforce.6. Review Site receivable Diligence7. Zoning Surveys Coordinate and confirm approvals for proper permitting.a. Transpor tation Confirm the necessity of a traffic management plan to ensure that the 850 existing employees have ample parking and are not affected by the construction.b. Legal restrictions Confirm approvals for equipment and new paint shop area.c. Environmental reports Soils investigation Confirm that all soils reports are sufficient for the new building footers and structure.e. conception and capacity of utilities and infrastructure Coordinate with the appropriate utility companies to confirm that all expanded utilities are scheduled properly and without delay.f. Determine applicable governing body and community agency requirements, approvals and permit.b.Design Process1.Confirm Procurement Agreements Design Servicesa. Confirm list of consultants, contractors and vendors whose services may be required in the purchasing of design services.b. superintend the development of agreements to be awarded to booming bidders, all required contracts must be based on sternly numbers or gu aranteed maximum pricing.2.Performance Compliancea. Coordinate the stipulation of materials with the Owners needs there should be careful consideration given to the production train equipment.b. With the design consultants, develop procedures for material testing and test account.3. consultant Coordinationa. Monitor the coordination of consultants and vendors in such areas as the production train equipment and other specialized equipment necessary for the expansion space.4.Program and Design Compatibilitya. Confirm with the design consultants that the developing designs are compatible with the program, master schedule, master budget and quality expectations.b. Confirm with the design consultants that the design as developed is compatible with the Owners needs.5.Submittalsa. Monitor design submittals and approvals.6.Insurancea. Confirm that design consultants have and maintain redress in accordance with the Owners needs.7. represent catcha. Manage procurement of abstract estimate s of construction costs.b. Assist with value engineering ideas.8.Financinga. Assist Owner with developing a process for managing use of the contingency fund.b. Make adjustments as necessary to project current and future cash flows.4. Qualitya. Maintaining quality in this case, includesAdherence to procedures and processesEnforcement of the processesIssuance of completion credentialsProcedures and processesQuality assurance of The Woody 2000 project can only be accomplished through proactive involvement of the management team, interaction with the Owner, and design personnel. The tools to accomplish the same includeDesign reviews-Constructability reviews value analysisSubmittal control and approvalPre-construction meetings for major building componentsPartnering Sessions at key intervals of the project to clarify project standards and goalsEducating switch over contractors in the QA/QC (Quality Assurance/Quality Control) requirements of the project.Quality assurance and control of the Construction managing director and subcontractors and in field operations should begin during the design phase to determine that the contract requirements are cl primaeval belowstood by all parties. hebdomadary inspections must be conducted to ensure that all items are in conformance, or that non-conforming items are corrected.EnforcementA regular quality inspection process should be documented. If the quality program is not utilise properly, a notice should be given to the parties involved, calling for an immediate resolution.3.Review and issuing completion certificateAs certain phases of the project are completed, a list of pass judgment deliverables should be given to the contractors. The subcontractors are anticipate to cross check the expected deliverables with the actual deliverables and call in the quality team for a review. On successful completion fo the review, the completion certificate may be given to the contractor.b.Leadbetter didnt invoke the quality specif ications as he had not been dexterous in project management experience and lacked the desired skills. The result of it were the following The specification of the production train was changed to increase capacity resulting in the rewrite of the software. This increased debugging at the start-up.Review and approval procedures for the various specifications and drawings were not taken, because of which there was a delay in getting the approval.Change in the production plans made it imperative to add some other 5 feet to the length of the building. remain in receiving and reviewing the catalogue descriptions and other specifications.Failure to meet the local environmental compliance standards, as set by the inspection countenance.Building occupation certificate couldnt be obtained.Owners inspection and dry-run tests of the production train couldnt be performed. guest delivery dates were missed and general contractors call off their orders.Depletion in the finished goods stock fet ching and hence loss of face and sales opportunities.Resultant delay in the completion of the project, ensured that costs escalated and required an additional line of financing to be opened up.c.The importance of quality for such a project is because of the following reasons Ensures minimum re-work.Would ensure complete utilization of the resourcesThe project would be under the stipulated budget.Proper quality would refer to compliance of standards and procedures.The project can be completed within the stipulated time.8. Communication and People Managementa. Organization graphProject Chartb.Leadbetter when appointed to take care of the project lacked the knowledge which would have made him an indispensable part of the project. He lacked project management training and experience. He did not have any grounding in the pinch of the project life-cycle and control concepts. But Leadbetter had specialization in the understanding of the semi-automatic manufacturing machinery, which was t he area of expansion of the organization. As such, with the start of the production run, this knowledge would have proven to be an asset ot the company. Hence, imparting training in project management and nurturing of his skills would have helped the company.c.Communication PlanThe communication plan addresses significant items which should include Responsibility Matrix, Team Coordination, Master Schedule and Specific levels of reporting for different levels of individualistics within the project design and construction team. Individual team members should receive specific types of reports such as project team meeting minutes monthly executive reports, schedule etc. Project goals are to be established and documented so each team member understands the common objectives. A Procedures Manual (PMP) should be completed which has all pass processes and procedures for the project. pass on meetingsThese meetings are important and should be conducted at least weekly, with handicraft con tractors and key subcontractors, to discuss current procession and accomplished milestone objectives, bode the weeks progress and goals, address problems encountered and actions required to correct any deficient work. This entails devil primary goalsTo provide a series of tools for accurate monitoring of the progress of the project.To provide thorough, accurate records of the project to protect the owner from potential disputes or legal problems. Therefore, the following is tracked and enter on each projectThis can be achieved through rade Contractor passing(a) Reports, Construction Photos, Daily Logs, Testing/Inspection Services, Shop Drawings/Submittals, Document Management, Progress Meetings, Schedule Enforcement, Progress Reporting, Safety Inspections etc.Contract Administration and Field CoordinationThe project managing director should oversee the coordination of efforts between each contract, including issues such as accessibility to the site, charge of both pedestrian and vehicular traffic, eliminating disruption to on-going existing activities, tie-ins of utilities and roadways, compatibility of construction methods, construction phasing and utilization of construction forces.Information Management governing bodysAn Information Management System which implements, tracks and records all the various elements of Project management, planning, organization, meetings and reviews, site logistics, shop drawings, field orders, and document control, should be bought into place.Decision TrackingA decision tracking system can be designed to keep the project moving. Whenever a critical issue is identified by the project team, the system would track the issue, its impact, its source, and the party responsible for the action on the issue. As individuals take action on the issue, the system would track each action taken and identify the attached responsible party in the process of reaching a decision on the issue. As each issue is resolved, the decision trac king system would close the issue, but preserves the history of the decision process.RFIs Requests for InformationThese forms can be used regularly to stimulate communication between all project team members, including the owner and architect. These requests receive immediate attention and are invaluable in aiding the team members to anticipate conflicts before they become problems.d. pass judgment Communication during executionThis should include Design Package LogTracks drawings, specifications and key dates as needed.Pending C.O. LogThis log tracks owner and designer appetency list items and cost. They allow for timely decisions while maintaining the project budget.Team implement ListTracks actions needed to accomplish schedule goals and served those actions.Bi-Weekly Schedules and MeetingsMeetings, facilitating communication and planning among team members. These are directed mainly at workmanship contractors, but also need support from the owner and architect.Liaison Meeti ngBi-Weekly meetings which includes owner representatives to facilitate major decisions and exchange valuable information.Submittal LogTracks all submittals by trade contractors requiring approval by the architect and engineers.Daily Manpower ReportsThis report tracks trade contractors manpower. This report is reviewed daily and weekly to monitor adequacy of work forces necessary to maintain schedule.CCA Status ReportsTracked changes (Contract Change Authorization) and the Owners contingencies available for changes.Alternate/ cling to Engineering LogTracks potential additive and deductive changes that the Owner may wish to implement.Three-Month CalendarA three-month calendar with all upcoming meetings and major events can be included with all meeting minutes and updated weekly.10. personify Controla.Reasons for the initial high wrong of EIDThe initial bid of EID amounted to $ 20 million on a 18 month schedule. EID believed that Woodys would need immense help with their project pl anning and had allowed for a number of uncertainties. EID allowed to undertake the work on a fully reimbursable contract. The counter offer EID made was to do the work on their cost but solicit fixed outlay quotations for all sub-trade work.Their position was reasonable because of 2 reasonsThe hourly rate remunerative would cover all the direct wages/salaries, pay roll burden, head-office command overhead and profit. This rate would apply to all engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning for which EID would employ another subcontractor for the building and design workThe number of hours put in by EID can be monitored effectively by Woodys.b.2 years later the project was first launched, there was no meaningful planning for completion. Owners acceptance, testing, dry-run and production start-up of the production train had not been carried out. Also the occupation certificate had not been availed. Due to late delivery of the production train, the tie-in of power and o ther utility connections scheduled for the annual 2 week maintenance shut-down could not take place. Customer delivery dates were missed and some general contractors cancelled their contracts and placed their orders for mill work elsewhere. Sales opportunities were lost too.All this put together resulted in the fact that, the project was only 85% complete because the delay in completion too was charged to Woodys account.c.Cost ControlAn experienced team of experts with knowledge of quantities and historical pricing, project management and field supervision, should provide the expertise on all elements relating to cost control, including budgeting, estimating, value engineering and the energy of subcontractors. The Woody 2000 project steering committee would receive formal reports weekly from Mr. Moneysworth and Mr. Cashman.The following cost control methods can be implemented throughout the pre-construction and construction phases of the projectBudget PlanningIn the budgeting phase of the project, the current projected costs of the project can be compared with the initial budget so that the cost doesnt escalate. It has to be ensured that the work involved meets the projected goalsEstimatingDefinitive estimates should be made through schematic design, design development and construction documents stages of the project.Work has to be done in conjunction with the various prime subcontractors in developing estimates that can be tracked in a similar format to simplify the reconciliation at each estimate phase.Conceptual setAn in-house cost coding system can be developed, to expand into more detailed pricing as the design progresses. A computer-aided quantity survey system would allow to accurately obtain the basic quantities for the project.Cost ForecastingPrior to the start of the construction phase, send the estimate into a cost forecasting format used by project management staff to track costs throughout the project to completion. This estimating process bui lt from each stage to a Guaranteed Maximum legal injury estimate, would check it against previous work.Cost Accounting/TrackingOnce the contract price is determined, the estimated labor, material and subcontractor costs can be allocated among standard cost accounts at a level of detail appropriate for tracking individual tasks against the project budget.Procurement and LaborThe procurement cycle begins as grease ones palms orders, subcontracts and change orders are committed, then immediately documented and simultaneously recorded in the cost system. Actual labor costs, together with work-in-progress, can be recorded on a weekly basis through the payroll department system.Cost ReportingCost reports are comprehensive and responsive to the specific needs of the project. Labor reports, printed at the job site weekly, can be used by project management to review progress and costs. vendor commitments and expenditures, sorted in various level of detail, can be monitored in several rep orts. Actual job cost detail can be reported on a limited date range, a group of cost accounts, or for the entire project to date.PurchasingA system must be followed that solicits competitive bids from subcontractors and suppliers based upon a set of define bidding procedures. In conjunction with the owner, this would identify qualified and capable subcontractors and suppliers taking into consideration their previous experience, workload, ability to perform, and financial capability. Pre-bid meetings can be conducted for the decide of assisting subcontractors in understanding the bid documents, design intent and project requirementsSubcontractor reserveThe subcontractor qualification process remains an important part of cost and project control. However, subcontractors cannot be arbitrarily eliminated from the project unless warranted by serious business indicators. The subcontractor qualification process is an important step in evaluating the apparent low bidders for capability to satisfactorily perform the scope of work. Additionally, the evaluation can reveal early signs of weakness, which can be supported to ensure a quality performance.PricingPrices should be obtained from a minimum of three pre-qualified bidders for each category of work on the project. The accuracy and dependability of subcontractor pricing should be directly related to the content of information furnished to the bidders.d.Flow Chart for processing changesCost ForecastingConceptual PricingEstimatingBudget PlanningPurchasingCost ReportingProcurement LabourCost TrackingSub assure11. seek Identification and Controlb c.List of Woodys Actual SurprisesThe allocated budget for the project was pegged at $17 million, with 18 months as the time skeleton in the closet for the construction. Mr.Moneysworth invited Expert Industrial Developers to quote on the planned expansion. The fixed price quotation which was given by the firm amounted to $ 20 million and an 18 month schedule.Mr. Ian Lea dbetter was appointed for running the project, despite his lack of knowledge in project management training and experience. On suggestion of EID, that Woodys should take over the procurement of the production train directly, the entire production train specification had to be changed to increase the capacity and consequently the program codes too.Change in the production plan resulted in another 5 feet being added to the teetotum of the building.Catalogue descriptions and specifications were not received until the foundations had been pouredThe surplus paint disposal method didnt meet the environmental standards as specified by the inspection authorityFailure to obtain the building occupation certificateFailure of the tie-in of the power and other utility connectionsResponse to the aboveCosts arising from these changes, including the delay in the completion were charged tto Woodys account. To mitigate the effect of only 85% completion, Cashman was forced to scramble for an addition al line of project financing at prime plus 2.5% interest. Liquid cash was spent at every such instance. A coordinated marketing effort was launched to regain the interest of the customer, which didnt have much effect.Possible assay Management PlanThe implementers of the project could have followed a 4 prong Risk Management PlanRisk Identification Identify potential attempts as a part of the project. character reference specific potential risks can include securing permits and unfavorable weather conditions which may hamper the construction work. A 10% contingency can be accorded to the construction schedule. Care should be taken to ensure that schedule swipe doesnt happen.There can be 4 categories of risk included as a part of the Risk Management Plan Technical Risk This includes a review of the quality and performance goals of the project. Proper installation of the throw away bolts, coordination with the drawing shops and the foundation contractor etc. come under this.Project Management Resources This includes improper planning and allocation of resources and improper use of management disciplines. Coordination between the owners interface and the appropriate contractors can be a part of this.Organizational Risks This should ensure that the there are enough human resources allocated to the project and that there are no conflicts between the project staff and the employees of the Custom Wood Working company.External Risk These risks can be caused by external parties such as regulatory agencies, labor contracts and supplier restrictions. There should be proper coordination with utility companies and that all equipments and systems should be approved by the appropriate regulatory agencies.Risk Assessment This can be done by 2 methods Static and Dynamic assessment. While static risk assessment is

Formicidae Biodiversity in Texas Vegetation

Formicidae Bio conversion in Texas VegetationA COMPARISON OF family Formicidae BIODIVERSITY IN NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE VEGETATION IN SOUTH TEXASA fill to teach how ant communities in non- immanent bring life, specifically in Cenchrus ciliaris, disagree from inwrought flora in south Texas.ABSTRACTWhen non- inherent lead astrayes become trespassing(a), they bunghole alter plant communities and give the axe therefore, potentially affect arthropods due to their relationships with the botany they reside on. Cenchrus ciliaris is a non- inherent frequent to the joined States and is unremarkably cognize as buffel blackleg. Its drought resistance and quick propagation has made buffel grass invasive and has changed the ecosystems they now reside. Ants go away be sampled from patches in inseparable plant life and buffel grass in San Ygnacio for 12 months. This mull seeks to determine how ant communities in predominantly Cenchrus ciliaris, differs from relatively undisturbed na tive flora in south Texas. I pursue to get hold of ant richness amidst native vegetation and buffel grass as well as compare richness and abundance between native ant species and non-native ant species. I express the results to demonstrate lower ant richness and abundance in the locations with buffel grass and higher abundance of invasive species in buffel grass.IntroductionThe portal and spread of invasive plants is a ca map of concern worldwide (Blossey 1999 Didham 2005). The mightiness of humans to travel between different countries around the world has facilitated the knowledgeability of non-native plants to new locations. These new environments usually lack the subjective predators and oppo send natural biological control factors, thus causing these plants to become invasive. (Keane Crawley 2002 Tallamy 2004). Invasive plants mickle also use up characteristics that aid their establishment and survival. For example, some of these plants basin absorb a higher tole rance to drought or lavatory deal out more quickly. They git also create unfavorable conditions for native plants by altering soil litter and nutrients (Bakker Wilson 2001). Therefore, invasive plants john often out-compete native plants, resulting in lower vegetation diversity and abundance (Pimentel 1999 Bakker Wilson 2001). Many species of plants have been introduced into the United States, and although a relatively small percentage of these species invalidatingly violation the ecosystems they invade, studies should be done on specific invasive plants to determine the negative impacts they may be causing to the environment.Buffel GrassCenchrus ciliaris is a non-native grass to the United States and is commonly known as buffel grass. It is native to most of Africa, Confederate and southwestern Asia, and Italy, Sicily. Buffel grass was originally introduced to Texas (U.S.A.) and northern Mexico in the 1930s and forties to improve pasture in overgrazed habitats and to dev elop new rangelands (Cox et al. 1988). Its drought tolerance and high biomass productivity made it the most popular grass to use in these countries (Arriaga et al. 2004). Due to its commercial value and impact as a weed it is considered a contentious species. Although the agricultural benefit of buffel grass is controversial, buffel grasslands elicit be a threat to biodiversity because they are created by invading and removing native plants (Arriaga et al. 2004 Cox et al. 1988). The threat that buffel grass poses to the native vegetation and alteration of the ecosystem, can have an effect from birds to arthropods. Buffle grass appears to provide a less fitting habitat for breeding birds, especially bird species that forage on or near the strand (Bingham et al. 2006). While changes in plant litter can alter arthropod abundance (Wolkovich 2009). Buffel grass is also associated with increased severity of fires by a buffel grass-initiated fire invasion feedback (milling machine et.al 2010). Despite the serious environmental effectuate buffel grass may cause, there are no national strategies to pluck it (Marshal et al. 2011). Understanding the effects buffel grass has on biodiversity in south Texas can bring insights on whether there is a serious threat to another(prenominal) native vegetation and ecosystem functions.Arthropods FormicidaeArthropods have many ecological roles at bottom an ecosystem, functioning as prey resources for many taxa, as important predators, and as pollinators and seed dispersers (Isaacs et al. 2009). Recent studies document how plant invasions contribute to arthropod abundance (Wolkovich 2009). Changes in the vegetation cover can have an effect on arthropod diversity and are therefore used as indicators of negative effects on an environment. An important arthropod that is very diverse, does not fall into a single operating(a) group, and can be classified as herbivores, predators, and detrivores, are ants (Triplehorn Johnson 2005). Ants (order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae) are relatively well-studied and easy to identify to the species level (Wolkovich et al. 2009). Structure and composition of ant communities can reflect the nature of the environments in which they reside on. Ants are also commonly used as bio-indicators in studies for fire management, pesticide contamination, and habitat disturbance (Burbidge 1992). decrease in ant species abundance, diversity, and richness has been documented when alterations of ecosystems occur, for example, an increase of invasive plants (Burbidge 1992 Wolkovich et al. 2009). Therefore, this culture depart be measuring ant richness and abundance to determine how ant communities in non-native vegetation, specifically in Cenchrus ciliaris, differ from native vegetation in south, TX. This provide further our interpreting of the effects that buffel grass has on the ecosystem.METHODSStudy SitesStudy plot orbits were selected in San Ygnacio, TX. The study area was comp rised of a mixture of grasses and shrubs. Native grasses included knotroot bristle grass (Setaria parviflora), Texas grama grass (Bouteloua rigidi destinya), Common Curly Mesquite (Hilaria belangeri) and tanglehead (Heteropogon contortus). Predominant native shrubs included lamb mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), guajillo (Acacia berlandieri), and blackbrush (Acacia rigidula). The non-native grass was predominantly buffel grass. The soil in the study site was mostly sandy and dry. The native areas where traps go away be placed were selected ground on the abundance of native vegetation and lack of buffel grass, while the areas for the non-native traps will be placed where buffel grass is the most predominant plant. tryIt was laid that surveying arthropods was a more cost-effective and accurate design for assessment of biodiversity (Oliver Beattie 1996) Direct sampling with pitfall traps seems to be the optimal collection rule for surveying ants so it will be the method of collec tion that will be used in this study (Jaffe Romero 1989). There will be six pitfall traps placed in predominantly native vegetation and six pitfall traps in areas that are predominantly invaded with buffel grass. The pitfall traps will contain either propylene ethylene glycol or alcohol glycol for trapping and conservation of the arthropods. These traps will be place at ground level and will each be labeled accordingly N for native and B for buffel grass. Each of these traps will have their GPS coordinates and the nearest vegetation to the traps recorded. They will be left out for a week and they will be collected by hand for a year.Ant assortment and IdentificationAfter the traps are collected ants will be take into separate vials labeled with their respective trap number and date. All the other arthropods collected in the traps will be sorted to order. Ants will be identified down to species in Dr. Motts lab following a set of identification keys. The selective information coll ected will be recorded and data analysis will be performed. Species richness, abundance, and evenness will also be calculated.RESULTS DISCUSSIONWith this study, I expect to see a difference in biodiversity, richness and abundance between native vegetation and buffel grass. I expect a decrease of these in buffel grass. I also would like to fail and compare the abundance and richness between native and non-native ants between native vegetation and buffel grass. This could bring insight on the effect buffel grass has on non-native species of ants and determine if it facilitates their settlement. If there is a difference in diversity more studies should be made on the impacts buffel grass has in the ecosystem to further understand the negative effects and determine management techniques.CONCLUSIONCenchrus ciliaris, buffel grass, is an invasive grass that can alter and cause negative effects to the ecosystems they invade. This study will provide insight to the effects this grass truly has on the environment and determine the ecological impact of buffel grass. This will be achieved by comparing ant biodiversity, richness and abundance in native vegetation and, buffel grass. I expect the results of this study demonstrate a difference in ant diversity between native and non-native vegetation and that further studies can be made to determine buffel grass management.REFERENCESArriaga, L., Castellanos, A. E., Moreno, E. and Alarcn, J. (2004). Potential ecological dissemination of alien invasive species and risk assessment A case study of buffel grass in arid regions of Mexico. Conservation Biology 181504-1514.Bakker, J., and S. Wilson. 2001. matched abilities of introduced and native grasses. Plant Ecology 157117-125.Bernays, E. M., and M. Graham. 1988. On the evolution of host specificity in phytophagous arthropods. Ecology 69886-892.Bingham, R., Brennan, L., Flanders A. A., Fulbright, T., Kuvlesky, W., Ruthven, D., and R. Zaiglin, 2006. Effects of Invasive Exotic G rasses on South Texas Rangeland Breeding Birds (Efectos de Pastos Invasores Exticos en las Aves que Nidifican en los Campos de Pastoreo del tire de Texas). The Auk 123 171-182.Blossey, B. 1999. Before, during, and after the need for long-term monitoring in invasive plant species management. Biological Invasions 1301-311.Burbidge A. H., K. Leicester, S. McDavitt, J. D. Majer. 1992. Ants as indicators of disturbance at Yanchep National Park, Hesperian Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 75 89-95.Cord E.C. Changes in Arthropod Abundance and Diversity with Invasive Grasses. Texas AM Kingsville.Cox, J. R., M. H. Martin , F. A. Ibarra , J. H. Fourie , N. F. G. Rethman , and D. G. Wilcox . 1988. The influence of climates and soils in the diffusion of four African grasses. Journal of Range Management 41 127-139.Didham, R. K., J. M. Tylianakis, M. A. Hutchinson, R. M. Ewers, and N.J. Gemmel. 2005. be invasive species drivers of ecological change? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20470-473.Isaacs, R., J. Tuell, A. Fiedler, M. Gardiner, and D. Landis. 2009. Maximizing arthropod mediated ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes the role of native plants. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7196-203Jaffe, K., and H. Romero. 1989. A Comparison of Methods of Sampling Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Savannas. Biotropica 21314-352Keane, R. M., and M. J. Crawley. 2002. Exotic plant invasions and the enemy releasehypothesis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17164-170.Marshall N.A., M. Friedel, R.D. van Klinken, and A.C. Grice. 2011. Considering the social balance of invasive species the case of buffel grass. Environmental Science Policy 14 327-338.Miller G., Friedel M., Adam P., and V. Chewings. 2010. Ecological impacts of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) invasion in central Australia does scope evidence support a fire-invasion feedback?. The Rangeland Journal 32 353-365.Oliver, I., A. Beattie. 1996. Designing a Cost-Effective Invert ebrate Survey A Test of Methods for Rapid estimate of Biodiversity. Ecological Applications 6 594-607.Pimental, D., L. Lach, R. Zuniga, and D. Morrison. 1999. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. BioScience 5353-65.Steinberg, P. 2001. Prosopis glandulosa. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky hatful Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.Stromberg, J.C. 1993. Riparian mesquite forests A review of their ecology, threats, and recuperation potential. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 27111-124.Tallamy, D. W. 2004. Do alien plants slue insect biomass? Conservation Biology 181689-1692.Tallamy, D. W., and K. J. Shropshire. 2009. Ranking lepidopteran use of native versus introduced plants. Conservation Biology 23941-947.Triplehorn, C. A., and N. F. Johnson. 2005. Borror and DeLongs introduction to the study of insects 7 th edition. Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California.Ueckert, D.N. 1974. Influence of Defoliation by the Cutworm Melipotis indomita on Control of making love Mesquite with 2,4,5-T in West Texas. Journal of Range Management 27153-155.Van Auken, O.W. 2000. Shrub invasions of North American semiarid grasslands. Annual round off of Ecology and Systematics 31197-215.Ward, C.R., OBrein, C.W., OBrien, L.B., D. E. Foster, D.E. Huddleston E.W. 1977. Annotated checklist of New World insects associated with Prosopis (mesquite) Technical bulletin no. 1557. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Field Manual.

Studying The Peach Fruit Fly: Bactrocera zonata

Studying The spill Fruit Fly Bactrocera zonataAbstractThe disclose harvest-feast tent flap, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) is one of the most harmful species of Tephritidae. It is a polyphagous species attacking much than 40 species of ingathering crops and has in any case been recorded from de workforceted drove plants. The smasher return fell is a serious cuss of sweetheart, guava and mango tree secondary militarys include smasher, fig and citrus. It authors serious stinting losses, either by direct damage to returns or indirectly by warranting the need for quarantine and phytosanitary measures. Bactrocera zonata is autochthonic from India and is range in numerous tropical countries of Asia. However, this chap has been conventional in Egypt since the late 1990s and is now largely good propagate expiry-to-end the country. Therefore, it demonstrated its ability to establish exposeside tropical humors and its adaptability to local cold-moderate conditions.In Egypt, B. zonata is active throughout the year when temperatures exceed 10C and digest complete several(prenominal) propagations per year, app arntly overwintering in like manner in temperate climates.Bactrocera zonata is well adapted to hot climates and shows heights low-temperature thresholds than those of the Mediterranean fruit wing, genus Ceratitis capitata, which is general in the Mediterranean countries. Pest guess analysis suggests that the give away fruit tent flap is sufficient to establish and spread in coastal aras of the Mediterranean surface ara, causing signifi ejectt damage on fruit exertion. of entering, establishing, bed tail and causing signifi rouset tints on fruit production in roughly other countries of the Mediterranean contribution.INTRODUCTIONTephritid fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae) support a study(ip) impact on c one timeption agriculture, causing yield losses and reduce the quality and marketability of agricultural crops. Contr ol of fruit flies mostly relies on the application of broad-spectrum insect powders, which could cause food contamination, side effects on beneficials and pest resistance to insecticides.Tephritid fruit flies argon among the most invasive species of fruits and vegetables in the world.Establishment of strange flies would cause direct and indirect economic losses due to damage to fruits andstrict quarantine regulations imposed by im mannering countries to avoid inceptions of invasive pests.The family Tephritidae, comprises high-pricedly 4500 species distributed over most of the world and include several species that pose a potency threat to Mediterranean horticulture, mainly of the wide-ranging genus Bactrocera, native to sulfur East Asia and Australasia, the genus Anastrepha, originated from Central and to the south America, and the genus Ceratitis, indigenous to Africa.The genus Bactrocera is considered a serious threat of fruit crops because of the wide military reach of its species and the invasive power of well-nigh species within the genus (White and Helson-Harris 1992 Clarke et al., 2005).Several Bactrocera species naturalised outside of their native Asian range Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock in Surinam and northern Brazil, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet) in Hawaii, East and West Africa, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel in Polynesia and Hawaii, Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta and White in Sub-Saharan Africa and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) in the eastern Mediterranean basin (Vayssires et al., 2008).The deuce polyphagous fruit flies presently established in the Mediterranean region are the Mediterranean fruit travel (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the most parlous and widespread species, and the strike fruit fly B. zonata, which has been detected in Egypt in1998 and spread throughout the country (Amro and Abdel-Galil, 2008). The gibber fruit fly was intercepted at the port of Valencia in 2005 by quarantine officials on citru s fruits imported from Egypt. Therefore, a Pest Risk Assessment (PRA) was carried out by Spain and submitted to the European fare Safety Authority (EFSA) for a scientific opinion. The PRA pointed out that the ripple fruit fly can establish and spread in southern Europe, causing considerable damage to fruit yield. However, the pest risk assessment can be im be by defining the probable climaticalal range of the pest in Europe and identifying fruit crops potentially at risk (EFSA, 2007). Bactrocera zonata is listed as Dacus zonatus in Annex IAI of Directive 2000/29/EC, which includes harmful organisms whose introduction in EC countries are banned.In the present paper we canvass the sustenance history, horde range, influence of climatic factorsand provide a doubtful distribution map of the bag fruit fly in the Mediterranean region along with chair methods.DISTRIBUTIONThe ripple fruit fly is native to tropical Asia and is widely distributed in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indo nesia (Sumatra), southern Iran, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, get together Arab Emirates, Viet Nam, Yemen. It also reachs on the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius and Reunion (EPPO, 2005).In Pakistan, this fruit fly is abundant in coastal and sub-coastal areas of Baluchistan and Sind, and in semi-desert areas and northern plains of Punjab. However, it has also been recorded as rare from foot hills of Islamabad and Peshawar valley of coupling Western Frontier Province (Hussain, 1995).In Sri Lanka, this species is distributed throughout the island in wet and dry zones and has been recorded up to the elevation of 1800 m (Tsuruta et al., 1997).In the wear decades, the peach fruit fly has spread westward and has established in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt. Bactrocera zonata was identified in 1998 on infested guavas collected in Agamy and Sabahia, near Alexandria. In 1999, monitoring traps showed high capture rates in Alexandria and Cairo. In October 2000, the pest was detected in North Sinai and is at present widespread in all the fruit-growing areas of Egypt (EPPO, 2008). California has been invaded multiple cadences (1989, 2001 and 2006) by the peach fruit fly, but it has been successfully eradicated (EPPO, 2005).LARVAL HOST RANGEThe peach fruit fly has been recorded infesting over 40 courtly and wild plant species, mainly those with patterny fruits (Table 1).In Pakistan, B. zonata is a serious pest of guava, mango, peaches, papaya, persimmon and citrus. Damage of 25-50% has been reported in guava, of 10-15% in mango and of 40% in persimmon (Syed et al., 1970 Qureshi et al., 1992 Stonehouse et al., 2002).The relative susceptibility of the most common cultivated fruits in New Valley Oases (Egypt) was immovable in knit stitch on the basis of adult issuance from infested fruits. Sour orange appeared to be the highest supersensitive forces, followed by orange and guava, whereas mandarin, apple, mango and fig were much patient of/showed some sort of resistance (Amro and Abdel-Galil, 2008). In Egypt, the highest follow of pupae and the highest percentage of adult emergence were recorded under laboratory conditions from pear fruits, followed by guava, peach, apple and apricot (Shehata et al., 2008). Bactrocera zonata seems to a greater extent adapted to attack citrus fruits than C. capitata. In fact, in 2002/2003 at Fayoum Governatorate (Egypt), the two species infested 15.5 and 0.35% of Navel orange, 10.0 and 0.9% of grapefruit, 8.7 and 3.7% of mandarin, 5.7 and 3.4% of sour orange, 0.6 and 0.3% of lemon and 0.6 and 0.3% of Valencia orange, respectively (Saafan et al., 2005).Restrictions by abroad markets are inevitable if research funding natural processs show that the peach fruit fly is established in Mediterranean countries.LIFE HISTORYThe peach fruit fly is anautogenous, i.e. it emerges from puparia as internally im right adult that involve to feed to survive and reproduce. Adu lts obtain sugars from honeydewand other plant exudates, protein from tinkers damn feces and phylloplane bacteria and moisture from dew and rain. Adults are attracted by some plant-derived phenyl propanoids (e.g., methyl radical eugenol), that major power play a role in the mating behaviour. conjoin effeminates pierce the skin of host fruits with their ovipositor and lay a batch of 2-9 bombard. The eggs usually hachure in a few old age and the junior larvae feed upon the fruit pulp destroying the fruit. Tunnels created by larval feeding also allow the entry of secondary pathogens causing secondary fruit rot. The mature larvae leave the fruit and pupate in the soil where they emerge two weeks later as young adults.Bactrocera zonata is a non-diapausing and multivoltine species with overlapping generations. In Pakistan and Egypt, adults are present throughout the year except in January and February (Hussain, 1995 Farag et al., 2009). Overwintering mostly find in the larval or pupal stage.Adults a strong flier, capable of dispersing more than 24 km in search for host plants (Qureshi et al., 1975). peaceful dispersal is mainly by means of winds and transportation of infested fruits. Adults live for 30-60 geezerhood and the pre-oviposition peak (including knowledgeable maturation of 8-16 days, ranges from 10 to 23 days. A fe staminate can lay up to 93 eggs/day, and as many a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) as 564 in its breedingtime (Qureshi et al., 1974). Under affirmatory conditions, the eggs hatch into larvae within 2 days. The larvae feed in the fruits for 4 to 30 days, depending on temperature (Duyck et al., 2004). Mature larvae burrow 2.5 to 12.5 cm in the ground to pupate. The pupal period varies from 4 days in spend to over 6 weeks in winter. Full discipline fathers from 5 to 8 weeks, depending on the season and typeface of fruit infested (Shehata et al., 2008).The most beta parameters influencing the population dynamics of B. zonata are the favourable environgenial conditions for rearing and survival, and host sequence, suitability and availability. Several generations per year are completed under favourable conditions. In Pakistan, the peach fruit fly complete 8-9 generations per year in the coastal plains, whereas merely two generations are completed in 5 months in northern areas (Hussain, 1995). At Giza Governatorate (Egypt), septette overlapping generations were recorded from March to November the first generation is the longest, occurring from March to May-June, whereas summer generations lasted 4-6 weeks. Populations are usually at their lowest level at the end of the winter due to the slowdown or cessation of learning. It whitethorn take several generations are needed to reach the highest population density, which was observed during the fifth generation at the end of August (Farag et al., 2009).Influence CLIMATIC FACTORS AND OF HOSTS climate plays a critical role as the determining factor of the peach f ruit fly abundance, influencing development and survival, therefore limiting its geographical range. The wide distribution of B. zonata indicates a considerable distributor point of environmental plasticity. Although the immature stages of Bactrocera sp. can survive short periods of high (30C) or low temperatures (The temperature is the most substantial factor determining developmental rates of immatures and adult maturation rates. The epoch of the peach fruit fly lifecycle is mainly affected by temperature and host fruit species. Development ceases in all stages below 12C larvae and pupae are more resistant to cold weather conditions. The developmental thresholds of pre-imaginal stages of a peach fruit fly population in Reunion were rigid at constant temperatures. Lower thresholds of eggs, larvae and pupae ranged from 12.6 to 12.8C, which were higher than those of C. capitata (10.2-11.6C). The thermal units required for the development of pre-imaginal stages were regardd in 224 degree day units (Duyck et al., 2004). However, in Egypt, the lower temperature threshold was determined as 11.84C and the thermal units required to complete a generation (from egg to egg) were 487 degree days (Sharaf El-Din et al., 2007). Differences on lower developmental thresholds might be due to the different strains and the larval food. However, the existence of cold-hardening ecotypes of the pest can not be ruled out. The upper temperature threshold was estimated as higher than 35C (Qureshi et al., 1993 Duyck et al., 2004). The optimal temperatures for development and survival of pre-imaginal stages occurs at 25-30C. The term of the pre-ovipostion period ranged from 23 days at 20C to 8.4 days at 30C. Fecundity and adult longevity were optimal at 25C (Qureshi et al., 1993). Reliable temperature thresholds and thermal constants appropriate for each life stage allow the development of phonological models to predict the duration of the life cycle of the peach fruit fly under various climatic conditions. On the basis of thermal units, expressed as cumulative degree days, a number of 6, 7 and 8 annual generations lay down been predicted in North Sinai, El Beheira and Asyout (Egypt), respectively (Khalil et al., 2010).Host quality strongly affects development time and survival of pre-imaginal stages and the reproductive parameters of adults. Peach, guava and mango were the most desirable fruits for larval development and fecundity with respect to other fruit species (e.g. apple, pear, plum, orange) (Hussain, 1995).climatic factors and host suitability influence coexistence of tephritid fruit flies in some areas. The peach fruit fly was detected in Reunion in 1991 and appears to be displacing C. capitata in warm and dry areas. Ceratitis capitata and B. zonata attack to the highest degree the same fruit species, indicating that species niche partitioning is determined by climatic factors rather than host range (Duyck et al., 2008). The peach fruit fly sh owed deracination ability also over B. dorsalis and Carpomyia vesuviana Costa in some areas of its native geographical range (Agarwal and Kapoor, 1986).POTENTIAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE Mediterranean BASINThe potential distribution of the peach fruit fly in the Mediterranean basin has been modelled/predicted with CLIMEX. Based on climatic data, this software compares the geographical distribution of a species in the native area and predict its potential geographical range in other continents using the Compare Locations ply (Sutherst et al., 2007).The model combines a weekly population growth index (in solvent of temperature, rainfall and relative humidity) with 4 stress indices (cold, hot, wet and dry) into an Ecoclimatic Index (EI), which indicates the potential propagation and persistence of the species as determined by climate. A database of 30-year climatic data for meteorological stations irregularly located in the Mediterranean basin was use. Climatic parameters us ed were modified from available data of other tephritid fruit flies (C. capitata and B. dorsalis) (Vera et al., 2002 Stephens et al., 2007), also considering the climatic requirements of B. zonata (Duyck et al., 2004). Then, values were ad safeed to mate the distribution of B. zonata in Egypt. To provide a more realistic prognostic of the pest range, the Irrigation option in CLIMEX was used. Figure 1 shows a probationary distribution map of B. zonata based on Ecoclimatic Index. Under current climate conditions, the model predicts the establishment and persistence of the peach fruit fly in coastal areas of North Africa and Near East. The suitability of European countries to B. zonata establishment was circumscribed to southern areas of Portugal, Spain, Greece and all the main Mediterranean islands (Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily and Crete). The potential geographical distribution of the peach fruit fly appears to be narrower than that of C. capitata, which is more ad apted to sang-froid temperatures. Moreover, the predicted range of B. zonata seems to coincide with most of the Mediterranean citrus-growing areas.CONTROL METHODSBiological take for of the peach fruit fly is in telling, because young larvae feed into the fruit flesh and are protected from parasitoids. The most common hymenopterous parasitoids recovered from B. zonata in the native area are the braconid Diachasmimorpha longicaudatus (Ashmead) and the eulophid Aceratoneuromyia indica (Silvestri) (Kapoor 1993). In Egypt, Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri (Hymenoptera Chalcididae) and the pteromalids Spalangia cameroni Perkins and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae Rondani have been recorded on peach fruit fly pupae (Badr El-Sabah and Afia, 2004). Recently, biological promise efforts have been cerebrate on augmentative release of D. longicaudatus and Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera Braconidae) (Rousse et al., 2006).Bactrocera zonata males are attracted to citronella oil and to its active ra ise methyl eugenol (Howlett, 1915). This parapheromone, which is present in many plants, has both olfactory and phagostimulatory action and attracts peach fruit fly males from up to 800 m (Roomi et al., 1993). Methyl eugenol proved to be very effective in early detection of peach fruit fly males and has been used in several suppression programs (Qureshi et al., 1981 Sookar et al., 2006). The male annihilation technique (MAT) employs methyl eugenol to attract most of the males of B. zonata populations. Extermination of males in a population severely reduces the frequency of fertile matings, minimizing the chances of successful reproduction and consequently lowering the infestation on fruits. Peach fruit fly males are caught/killed by plastic traps rileed with methyl eugenol (mass trapping technique) or attracted to woody blocks soaked with parapheromone and insecticide (attract and kill technique). MAT is the standard technique to eradicate the peach fruit fly from areas newly-inva ded areas and has successfully been use in several eradication programs (California, Israel) (Spaugy, 1988 EPPO, 2008). A large eradication program based on the massive use of bait stations (wooden blocks) has been very successful in Egypt B. zonata populations have been reduced about 4-fold from 2008 to 2009 in all the countrys fruit-producing areas (FAO/IAEA, 2010).A number of insecticides used against fruit flies are effective, flexible and low ototoxic to non-target arthropods. In the European Union, chemicals registered against the medfly include organophosphates (chlorpyrifos-methyl and phosmet) and pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin). In addition, some naturally-derived insecticide are accepted in organic agriculture, such as spinosad, that is slight toxic to beneficials than traditional insecticides, and a Neem formulation/azadirachtin, that showed sterilant and oviposition deterrent activities on the peach fruit fly (Mahmoud and Shoeib, 2008).All these compo unds are non-systemic, therefore control treatments are targeted to kill adults and prevent egg-laying in the fruit. Bait applications integrate insecticide and attractant formulations to lure male and female adult fruit flies. The most effective control strategy worldwide against fruit flies consists in bait sprays of malathion mixed with hydrolysed protein acting as attractants and phagostimulants. However, malathion has recently been excluded from the list of plant breastplate products allowed in the European Union, which has also prohibited importation of fruits with malathion residues. Laboratory experiments carried out in Egypt showed that spinosad might effectively replace malathion in bait applications against the peach fruit fly (El-Aw et al., 2008). Bait insecticides are sprayed in spots on the foliage of host plants by ground or aerial applications.Studies have been carried out to control B. zonata with the sterile insect technique (SIT) (Qureshi et al., 1974), that is w idely used in eradication programs against C. capitata and B. dorsalis. However, this technique has never been adopted in the field against the peach fruit fly.The establishment of the peach fruit fly in Mediterranean countries would prevent export of fruits and vegetables to countries with quarantine regulations or be do conform to their rules and restrictions. Fruit fumigation with methyl bromide is compose adopted in several countries, but its use may soon be prohibited. Therefore, alternative fruit sanitation techniques based on temperature manipulation have been developed. chilly treatments consist in holding export products at constant temperatures for a time period sufficient to ensure death of the most resistant peach fruit fly life stages (eggs and larvae).Alternatively, fruits can be disinfested with high temperature treatments (water dips, dry or vapour heat, forced hair). Heat treatments can cause fruit injury and alteration of colour, aroma, flavour or texture in s ome citrus fruits.CONCLUSIONSThe host-plant range of the peach fruit fly is broad, with more than 40 plant species verified as hosts in therefore, potential hosts are abundant in the diverse, cultivated and uncultivated flora of Mediterranean region and pose the eventuality of peach fruit fly population pass. This cycling is characterized by different host-plant species sequentially serving as fruit fly reproductive hosts for parts of the year. Given the lack of diapause in this frugivorous tephritid and its wide host range, population cycling in alternate hosts could play a major role in the potential establishment of Bz and future economic depredations of exotic fruit flies such as the peach fruit fly in Mediterranean region.Peach fruit fly is a generalist tephritid species infesting many host species throughout the entire geographical range. Locally these generalists may utilize provided a few of their potential host species.However, no absolute countryment about plant suscep tibility can be made. A good host in one geographic location may not be as good a host in another, and vice versa, as slight environmental changes may occur that influence the plants desirability as a host. In addition, it is important to poll the plant species in a given area to identify the competing host range. A desirable host in one area may be less desirable in another because a come apart host exists.The population dynamics of such tephritid species are also sensitised to fluctuations in community attributes, i.e., plant diversity, interspecific interactions, and abiotic factors. These allow such tephritids to live on pestiferous in some areas, but barely noticeable in other areas, or subject them to localized extinction in still other areasRapid transport of infested host fruits through cargo, personal luggage, and military post has complicated efforts to contain peach fruit fly within its present distribution. Efforts should be made to improve exclusion, prevention, detection, and control practices against peah fruit fly, with the aim of change magnitude the risk of introduction. Since eradication efforts can be extremely difficult and dear-won when peach fruit fly populations become well established, such efforts are started as soon as possible after introductions are detected. yield yield reductions, control measures, handling processes, and quarantine restrictions on commodity vogue are expenses associated with peach fruit fly infestations.Appropriate phytosanitary measures should be applied to avoid the invasion and establishment of these exotic pests in the Mediterranean region.We intend that Mediterranean countries can no longer ignore the inevitability of continual peach fruit fly populations. The Mediterranean countries must prepare to administer with the eventuality and consequences of permanent peach fruit fly populations.Economic grandness Impact of peach fruit fly on agriculturePeach fruit fly can have a direct impact on agr icultural production in Mediterranean area. One estimate of the direct impact of peach fruit fly in Egypt was cardinal euros, which did not include the costs or impacts of insecticide use to control this pest. A great number of crops in the Mediterranean countries are jeopardise by the introduction of this pest including apple, apricot, peach, fig, grapefruit, nectarine, orange, peach, pear, persimmon, plum, pomegranate, tangerine. While the direct loss of production of fruit fly host products can have a probative impact on Mediterranean agriculture, perhaps a more important impact is the loss of potential production and markets due to the threat of fruit flies and the high economic costs for their control.A Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee Williams digestA Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee Williams AnalysisA Streetcar Named DesireFrom time to time in life, there are periods when one is faced with conflicts and more often, it does not matter how hard one tries, you just cant revive things and you end up feeling like a broken record. A Streetcar Named Desire focuses on an inconsolable woman called Blanche Dubois. Blanche is a victim of herself and her lifestyle as much as she is the victim of an unfair state of affairs. There are occurrences in her life that she could have handled better ad therefore avoided calamity, but there are as well instances where, there was nothing she could do but play along to the tragic up folding events in her eventful life.First she is nurtured in Old South upper-class traditions, she lived in a classy manner in the family homestead Belle Reve, wedded a man she immensely loved, and followed a professional occupational group as an English teacher. From the beginning of the play, it is forthcoming that she is the victim of her lifestyle, and not a conqueror. The individual Blanche is at present can be covered hazard to a solitary day in her epic past. Inside only some hours for the duration of this single day, her life wou ld be altered completely. Blanche unintentionally but walked in on her companion, Allan Grey, in bed having intimacy with another male. She afterwards went to a bar to have a drink with her deceiver spouse and his homosexual partner there she drunkenly told Allan that she was sickened by him. Allan flees the fashion in serious embarrassment from Blanches utterances and turns a revolver he had on his mouth, she hears him commit felo-de-se in the exterior of the bar they were drinking. Any person would be unbalanced after so mucch pandemonium and distress in such a short period. Argument is fronted that since Blanche had inferred to Allan as disgusting, he attached suicide and this makes Blanche the aggressor and not the victim she almost paints herself to be. Allans deeds towards his suicide were totally his and Blanche could not manage to prevent them. It is obvious that neither of the braces could grip the confusion manifesting at the time and handled them in divergent ways. B lanche was just the fatality of the awful state of affairs that affected the love of her life.Without her dearly loved Allan, Blanche ultimately needed love. All the men Blanche would charm in seduction were because she wanted to mend the emptiness in her heart. This was however not the truthful way to manage affairs and if she had gotten help she could properly have dealt with the pain of her keep ups tragic demise.Unfortunately Blanche never had that chance, when she loses her familys plantation, Belle Reve, she is forced to live in Laurel, where she engages in prostitution for the reason that she has no other way of making money to help fend for her personal upkeep. During this tumultuous period, she resides in hotel Flamingo and men seeking sexual pleasures in exchange for money come up to her room every nighttime. Promiscuous sexual relations with men got dreadfully out of control out of hand. Every time one sexual relation ended, a new one budded the next day. This made her to cement a lousy reputation in the small township of Laurel, Mississippi. apprehension that she was still smarting from the demise of her suicidal husband and acknowledging that the various men could not patch up her inconsolable heart, she turned to drinking to evade her misery. Haphazard alcohol drinking and one-night stands eventually makes Blanche to find herself lonely and with nowhere to go.In order to improve her miserable life and acquire a new character, Blanche makes a decision to begin a sporting in divine Fields, New Orleans with her young sister, Stella and her bad-mannered husband Stanley Kowalski. Feigning innocence and perfection, to cover up her inadequacies back down home is not sufficient as Stellas husband can see right through her. Stanley exposes her precedent behavior and devastates the fresh life she has embarked on in New Orleans she again is back where she began. Blanche is victim to Stanleys insensitive mistreatment. Not oblivious to the truth that t hey had not once got along, had Stanley not exposed her secrets, she might just have brilliantly started a fresh, improved life. Only to worsen her life further, she becomes the victim of serious sexual assault to the churlish Stanley. If she was not mentally and emotionally unbalanced mind before, Blanche is absolutely now. Stanley was crooked and should not have handled her the way he did, magical spell she was obviously in such an unselfconfident shape.Due to her disturbing past and no prospects to seek healthy help, Blanche succumbs to mistreatment and becomes the victim to additional situations than she had to all through the routes of her life. In the closing stages of A Streetcar Named Desire, Blanche is taken to mental establishment where it is only hopeful she may get the necessary assistance to her physical, emotional and mental state. She has suffered too much and respite is necessary for her soul.