Studying The Peach Fruit Fly: Bactrocera zonata

Studying The spill Fruit Fly Bactrocera zonataAbstractThe disclose harvest-feast tent flap, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) is one of the most harmful species of Tephritidae. It is a polyphagous species attacking much than 40 species of ingathering crops and has in any case been recorded from de workforceted drove plants. The smasher return fell is a serious cuss of sweetheart, guava and mango tree secondary militarys include smasher, fig and citrus. It authors serious stinting losses, either by direct damage to returns or indirectly by warranting the need for quarantine and phytosanitary measures. Bactrocera zonata is autochthonic from India and is range in numerous tropical countries of Asia. However, this chap has been conventional in Egypt since the late 1990s and is now largely good propagate expiry-to-end the country. Therefore, it demonstrated its ability to establish exposeside tropical humors and its adaptability to local cold-moderate conditions.In Egypt, B. zonata is active throughout the year when temperatures exceed 10C and digest complete several(prenominal) propagations per year, app arntly overwintering in like manner in temperate climates.Bactrocera zonata is well adapted to hot climates and shows heights low-temperature thresholds than those of the Mediterranean fruit wing, genus Ceratitis capitata, which is general in the Mediterranean countries. Pest guess analysis suggests that the give away fruit tent flap is sufficient to establish and spread in coastal aras of the Mediterranean surface ara, causing signifi ejectt damage on fruit exertion. of entering, establishing, bed tail and causing signifi rouset tints on fruit production in roughly other countries of the Mediterranean contribution.INTRODUCTIONTephritid fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae) support a study(ip) impact on c one timeption agriculture, causing yield losses and reduce the quality and marketability of agricultural crops. Contr ol of fruit flies mostly relies on the application of broad-spectrum insect powders, which could cause food contamination, side effects on beneficials and pest resistance to insecticides.Tephritid fruit flies argon among the most invasive species of fruits and vegetables in the world.Establishment of strange flies would cause direct and indirect economic losses due to damage to fruits andstrict quarantine regulations imposed by im mannering countries to avoid inceptions of invasive pests.The family Tephritidae, comprises high-pricedly 4500 species distributed over most of the world and include several species that pose a potency threat to Mediterranean horticulture, mainly of the wide-ranging genus Bactrocera, native to sulfur East Asia and Australasia, the genus Anastrepha, originated from Central and to the south America, and the genus Ceratitis, indigenous to Africa.The genus Bactrocera is considered a serious threat of fruit crops because of the wide military reach of its species and the invasive power of well-nigh species within the genus (White and Helson-Harris 1992 Clarke et al., 2005).Several Bactrocera species naturalised outside of their native Asian range Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock in Surinam and northern Brazil, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet) in Hawaii, East and West Africa, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel in Polynesia and Hawaii, Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta and White in Sub-Saharan Africa and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) in the eastern Mediterranean basin (Vayssires et al., 2008).The deuce polyphagous fruit flies presently established in the Mediterranean region are the Mediterranean fruit travel (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the most parlous and widespread species, and the strike fruit fly B. zonata, which has been detected in Egypt in1998 and spread throughout the country (Amro and Abdel-Galil, 2008). The gibber fruit fly was intercepted at the port of Valencia in 2005 by quarantine officials on citru s fruits imported from Egypt. Therefore, a Pest Risk Assessment (PRA) was carried out by Spain and submitted to the European fare Safety Authority (EFSA) for a scientific opinion. The PRA pointed out that the ripple fruit fly can establish and spread in southern Europe, causing considerable damage to fruit yield. However, the pest risk assessment can be im be by defining the probable climaticalal range of the pest in Europe and identifying fruit crops potentially at risk (EFSA, 2007). Bactrocera zonata is listed as Dacus zonatus in Annex IAI of Directive 2000/29/EC, which includes harmful organisms whose introduction in EC countries are banned.In the present paper we canvass the sustenance history, horde range, influence of climatic factorsand provide a doubtful distribution map of the bag fruit fly in the Mediterranean region along with chair methods.DISTRIBUTIONThe ripple fruit fly is native to tropical Asia and is widely distributed in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indo nesia (Sumatra), southern Iran, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, get together Arab Emirates, Viet Nam, Yemen. It also reachs on the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius and Reunion (EPPO, 2005).In Pakistan, this fruit fly is abundant in coastal and sub-coastal areas of Baluchistan and Sind, and in semi-desert areas and northern plains of Punjab. However, it has also been recorded as rare from foot hills of Islamabad and Peshawar valley of coupling Western Frontier Province (Hussain, 1995).In Sri Lanka, this species is distributed throughout the island in wet and dry zones and has been recorded up to the elevation of 1800 m (Tsuruta et al., 1997).In the wear decades, the peach fruit fly has spread westward and has established in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt. Bactrocera zonata was identified in 1998 on infested guavas collected in Agamy and Sabahia, near Alexandria. In 1999, monitoring traps showed high capture rates in Alexandria and Cairo. In October 2000, the pest was detected in North Sinai and is at present widespread in all the fruit-growing areas of Egypt (EPPO, 2008). California has been invaded multiple cadences (1989, 2001 and 2006) by the peach fruit fly, but it has been successfully eradicated (EPPO, 2005).LARVAL HOST RANGEThe peach fruit fly has been recorded infesting over 40 courtly and wild plant species, mainly those with patterny fruits (Table 1).In Pakistan, B. zonata is a serious pest of guava, mango, peaches, papaya, persimmon and citrus. Damage of 25-50% has been reported in guava, of 10-15% in mango and of 40% in persimmon (Syed et al., 1970 Qureshi et al., 1992 Stonehouse et al., 2002).The relative susceptibility of the most common cultivated fruits in New Valley Oases (Egypt) was immovable in knit stitch on the basis of adult issuance from infested fruits. Sour orange appeared to be the highest supersensitive forces, followed by orange and guava, whereas mandarin, apple, mango and fig were much patient of/showed some sort of resistance (Amro and Abdel-Galil, 2008). In Egypt, the highest follow of pupae and the highest percentage of adult emergence were recorded under laboratory conditions from pear fruits, followed by guava, peach, apple and apricot (Shehata et al., 2008). Bactrocera zonata seems to a greater extent adapted to attack citrus fruits than C. capitata. In fact, in 2002/2003 at Fayoum Governatorate (Egypt), the two species infested 15.5 and 0.35% of Navel orange, 10.0 and 0.9% of grapefruit, 8.7 and 3.7% of mandarin, 5.7 and 3.4% of sour orange, 0.6 and 0.3% of lemon and 0.6 and 0.3% of Valencia orange, respectively (Saafan et al., 2005).Restrictions by abroad markets are inevitable if research funding natural processs show that the peach fruit fly is established in Mediterranean countries.LIFE HISTORYThe peach fruit fly is anautogenous, i.e. it emerges from puparia as internally im right adult that involve to feed to survive and reproduce. Adu lts obtain sugars from honeydewand other plant exudates, protein from tinkers damn feces and phylloplane bacteria and moisture from dew and rain. Adults are attracted by some plant-derived phenyl propanoids (e.g., methyl radical eugenol), that major power play a role in the mating behaviour. conjoin effeminates pierce the skin of host fruits with their ovipositor and lay a batch of 2-9 bombard. The eggs usually hachure in a few old age and the junior larvae feed upon the fruit pulp destroying the fruit. Tunnels created by larval feeding also allow the entry of secondary pathogens causing secondary fruit rot. The mature larvae leave the fruit and pupate in the soil where they emerge two weeks later as young adults.Bactrocera zonata is a non-diapausing and multivoltine species with overlapping generations. In Pakistan and Egypt, adults are present throughout the year except in January and February (Hussain, 1995 Farag et al., 2009). Overwintering mostly find in the larval or pupal stage.Adults a strong flier, capable of dispersing more than 24 km in search for host plants (Qureshi et al., 1975). peaceful dispersal is mainly by means of winds and transportation of infested fruits. Adults live for 30-60 geezerhood and the pre-oviposition peak (including knowledgeable maturation of 8-16 days, ranges from 10 to 23 days. A fe staminate can lay up to 93 eggs/day, and as many a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) as 564 in its breedingtime (Qureshi et al., 1974). Under affirmatory conditions, the eggs hatch into larvae within 2 days. The larvae feed in the fruits for 4 to 30 days, depending on temperature (Duyck et al., 2004). Mature larvae burrow 2.5 to 12.5 cm in the ground to pupate. The pupal period varies from 4 days in spend to over 6 weeks in winter. Full discipline fathers from 5 to 8 weeks, depending on the season and typeface of fruit infested (Shehata et al., 2008).The most beta parameters influencing the population dynamics of B. zonata are the favourable environgenial conditions for rearing and survival, and host sequence, suitability and availability. Several generations per year are completed under favourable conditions. In Pakistan, the peach fruit fly complete 8-9 generations per year in the coastal plains, whereas merely two generations are completed in 5 months in northern areas (Hussain, 1995). At Giza Governatorate (Egypt), septette overlapping generations were recorded from March to November the first generation is the longest, occurring from March to May-June, whereas summer generations lasted 4-6 weeks. Populations are usually at their lowest level at the end of the winter due to the slowdown or cessation of learning. It whitethorn take several generations are needed to reach the highest population density, which was observed during the fifth generation at the end of August (Farag et al., 2009).Influence CLIMATIC FACTORS AND OF HOSTS climate plays a critical role as the determining factor of the peach f ruit fly abundance, influencing development and survival, therefore limiting its geographical range. The wide distribution of B. zonata indicates a considerable distributor point of environmental plasticity. Although the immature stages of Bactrocera sp. can survive short periods of high (30C) or low temperatures (The temperature is the most substantial factor determining developmental rates of immatures and adult maturation rates. The epoch of the peach fruit fly lifecycle is mainly affected by temperature and host fruit species. Development ceases in all stages below 12C larvae and pupae are more resistant to cold weather conditions. The developmental thresholds of pre-imaginal stages of a peach fruit fly population in Reunion were rigid at constant temperatures. Lower thresholds of eggs, larvae and pupae ranged from 12.6 to 12.8C, which were higher than those of C. capitata (10.2-11.6C). The thermal units required for the development of pre-imaginal stages were regardd in 224 degree day units (Duyck et al., 2004). However, in Egypt, the lower temperature threshold was determined as 11.84C and the thermal units required to complete a generation (from egg to egg) were 487 degree days (Sharaf El-Din et al., 2007). Differences on lower developmental thresholds might be due to the different strains and the larval food. However, the existence of cold-hardening ecotypes of the pest can not be ruled out. The upper temperature threshold was estimated as higher than 35C (Qureshi et al., 1993 Duyck et al., 2004). The optimal temperatures for development and survival of pre-imaginal stages occurs at 25-30C. The term of the pre-ovipostion period ranged from 23 days at 20C to 8.4 days at 30C. Fecundity and adult longevity were optimal at 25C (Qureshi et al., 1993). Reliable temperature thresholds and thermal constants appropriate for each life stage allow the development of phonological models to predict the duration of the life cycle of the peach fruit fly under various climatic conditions. On the basis of thermal units, expressed as cumulative degree days, a number of 6, 7 and 8 annual generations lay down been predicted in North Sinai, El Beheira and Asyout (Egypt), respectively (Khalil et al., 2010).Host quality strongly affects development time and survival of pre-imaginal stages and the reproductive parameters of adults. Peach, guava and mango were the most desirable fruits for larval development and fecundity with respect to other fruit species (e.g. apple, pear, plum, orange) (Hussain, 1995).climatic factors and host suitability influence coexistence of tephritid fruit flies in some areas. The peach fruit fly was detected in Reunion in 1991 and appears to be displacing C. capitata in warm and dry areas. Ceratitis capitata and B. zonata attack to the highest degree the same fruit species, indicating that species niche partitioning is determined by climatic factors rather than host range (Duyck et al., 2008). The peach fruit fly sh owed deracination ability also over B. dorsalis and Carpomyia vesuviana Costa in some areas of its native geographical range (Agarwal and Kapoor, 1986).POTENTIAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE Mediterranean BASINThe potential distribution of the peach fruit fly in the Mediterranean basin has been modelled/predicted with CLIMEX. Based on climatic data, this software compares the geographical distribution of a species in the native area and predict its potential geographical range in other continents using the Compare Locations ply (Sutherst et al., 2007).The model combines a weekly population growth index (in solvent of temperature, rainfall and relative humidity) with 4 stress indices (cold, hot, wet and dry) into an Ecoclimatic Index (EI), which indicates the potential propagation and persistence of the species as determined by climate. A database of 30-year climatic data for meteorological stations irregularly located in the Mediterranean basin was use. Climatic parameters us ed were modified from available data of other tephritid fruit flies (C. capitata and B. dorsalis) (Vera et al., 2002 Stephens et al., 2007), also considering the climatic requirements of B. zonata (Duyck et al., 2004). Then, values were ad safeed to mate the distribution of B. zonata in Egypt. To provide a more realistic prognostic of the pest range, the Irrigation option in CLIMEX was used. Figure 1 shows a probationary distribution map of B. zonata based on Ecoclimatic Index. Under current climate conditions, the model predicts the establishment and persistence of the peach fruit fly in coastal areas of North Africa and Near East. The suitability of European countries to B. zonata establishment was circumscribed to southern areas of Portugal, Spain, Greece and all the main Mediterranean islands (Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily and Crete). The potential geographical distribution of the peach fruit fly appears to be narrower than that of C. capitata, which is more ad apted to sang-froid temperatures. Moreover, the predicted range of B. zonata seems to coincide with most of the Mediterranean citrus-growing areas.CONTROL METHODSBiological take for of the peach fruit fly is in telling, because young larvae feed into the fruit flesh and are protected from parasitoids. The most common hymenopterous parasitoids recovered from B. zonata in the native area are the braconid Diachasmimorpha longicaudatus (Ashmead) and the eulophid Aceratoneuromyia indica (Silvestri) (Kapoor 1993). In Egypt, Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri (Hymenoptera Chalcididae) and the pteromalids Spalangia cameroni Perkins and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae Rondani have been recorded on peach fruit fly pupae (Badr El-Sabah and Afia, 2004). Recently, biological promise efforts have been cerebrate on augmentative release of D. longicaudatus and Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera Braconidae) (Rousse et al., 2006).Bactrocera zonata males are attracted to citronella oil and to its active ra ise methyl eugenol (Howlett, 1915). This parapheromone, which is present in many plants, has both olfactory and phagostimulatory action and attracts peach fruit fly males from up to 800 m (Roomi et al., 1993). Methyl eugenol proved to be very effective in early detection of peach fruit fly males and has been used in several suppression programs (Qureshi et al., 1981 Sookar et al., 2006). The male annihilation technique (MAT) employs methyl eugenol to attract most of the males of B. zonata populations. Extermination of males in a population severely reduces the frequency of fertile matings, minimizing the chances of successful reproduction and consequently lowering the infestation on fruits. Peach fruit fly males are caught/killed by plastic traps rileed with methyl eugenol (mass trapping technique) or attracted to woody blocks soaked with parapheromone and insecticide (attract and kill technique). MAT is the standard technique to eradicate the peach fruit fly from areas newly-inva ded areas and has successfully been use in several eradication programs (California, Israel) (Spaugy, 1988 EPPO, 2008). A large eradication program based on the massive use of bait stations (wooden blocks) has been very successful in Egypt B. zonata populations have been reduced about 4-fold from 2008 to 2009 in all the countrys fruit-producing areas (FAO/IAEA, 2010).A number of insecticides used against fruit flies are effective, flexible and low ototoxic to non-target arthropods. In the European Union, chemicals registered against the medfly include organophosphates (chlorpyrifos-methyl and phosmet) and pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin). In addition, some naturally-derived insecticide are accepted in organic agriculture, such as spinosad, that is slight toxic to beneficials than traditional insecticides, and a Neem formulation/azadirachtin, that showed sterilant and oviposition deterrent activities on the peach fruit fly (Mahmoud and Shoeib, 2008).All these compo unds are non-systemic, therefore control treatments are targeted to kill adults and prevent egg-laying in the fruit. Bait applications integrate insecticide and attractant formulations to lure male and female adult fruit flies. The most effective control strategy worldwide against fruit flies consists in bait sprays of malathion mixed with hydrolysed protein acting as attractants and phagostimulants. However, malathion has recently been excluded from the list of plant breastplate products allowed in the European Union, which has also prohibited importation of fruits with malathion residues. Laboratory experiments carried out in Egypt showed that spinosad might effectively replace malathion in bait applications against the peach fruit fly (El-Aw et al., 2008). Bait insecticides are sprayed in spots on the foliage of host plants by ground or aerial applications.Studies have been carried out to control B. zonata with the sterile insect technique (SIT) (Qureshi et al., 1974), that is w idely used in eradication programs against C. capitata and B. dorsalis. However, this technique has never been adopted in the field against the peach fruit fly.The establishment of the peach fruit fly in Mediterranean countries would prevent export of fruits and vegetables to countries with quarantine regulations or be do conform to their rules and restrictions. Fruit fumigation with methyl bromide is compose adopted in several countries, but its use may soon be prohibited. Therefore, alternative fruit sanitation techniques based on temperature manipulation have been developed. chilly treatments consist in holding export products at constant temperatures for a time period sufficient to ensure death of the most resistant peach fruit fly life stages (eggs and larvae).Alternatively, fruits can be disinfested with high temperature treatments (water dips, dry or vapour heat, forced hair). Heat treatments can cause fruit injury and alteration of colour, aroma, flavour or texture in s ome citrus fruits.CONCLUSIONSThe host-plant range of the peach fruit fly is broad, with more than 40 plant species verified as hosts in therefore, potential hosts are abundant in the diverse, cultivated and uncultivated flora of Mediterranean region and pose the eventuality of peach fruit fly population pass. This cycling is characterized by different host-plant species sequentially serving as fruit fly reproductive hosts for parts of the year. Given the lack of diapause in this frugivorous tephritid and its wide host range, population cycling in alternate hosts could play a major role in the potential establishment of Bz and future economic depredations of exotic fruit flies such as the peach fruit fly in Mediterranean region.Peach fruit fly is a generalist tephritid species infesting many host species throughout the entire geographical range. Locally these generalists may utilize provided a few of their potential host species.However, no absolute countryment about plant suscep tibility can be made. A good host in one geographic location may not be as good a host in another, and vice versa, as slight environmental changes may occur that influence the plants desirability as a host. In addition, it is important to poll the plant species in a given area to identify the competing host range. A desirable host in one area may be less desirable in another because a come apart host exists.The population dynamics of such tephritid species are also sensitised to fluctuations in community attributes, i.e., plant diversity, interspecific interactions, and abiotic factors. These allow such tephritids to live on pestiferous in some areas, but barely noticeable in other areas, or subject them to localized extinction in still other areasRapid transport of infested host fruits through cargo, personal luggage, and military post has complicated efforts to contain peach fruit fly within its present distribution. Efforts should be made to improve exclusion, prevention, detection, and control practices against peah fruit fly, with the aim of change magnitude the risk of introduction. Since eradication efforts can be extremely difficult and dear-won when peach fruit fly populations become well established, such efforts are started as soon as possible after introductions are detected. yield yield reductions, control measures, handling processes, and quarantine restrictions on commodity vogue are expenses associated with peach fruit fly infestations.Appropriate phytosanitary measures should be applied to avoid the invasion and establishment of these exotic pests in the Mediterranean region.We intend that Mediterranean countries can no longer ignore the inevitability of continual peach fruit fly populations. The Mediterranean countries must prepare to administer with the eventuality and consequences of permanent peach fruit fly populations.Economic grandness Impact of peach fruit fly on agriculturePeach fruit fly can have a direct impact on agr icultural production in Mediterranean area. One estimate of the direct impact of peach fruit fly in Egypt was cardinal euros, which did not include the costs or impacts of insecticide use to control this pest. A great number of crops in the Mediterranean countries are jeopardise by the introduction of this pest including apple, apricot, peach, fig, grapefruit, nectarine, orange, peach, pear, persimmon, plum, pomegranate, tangerine. While the direct loss of production of fruit fly host products can have a probative impact on Mediterranean agriculture, perhaps a more important impact is the loss of potential production and markets due to the threat of fruit flies and the high economic costs for their control.A Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee Williams digestA Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee Williams AnalysisA Streetcar Named DesireFrom time to time in life, there are periods when one is faced with conflicts and more often, it does not matter how hard one tries, you just cant revive things and you end up feeling like a broken record. A Streetcar Named Desire focuses on an inconsolable woman called Blanche Dubois. Blanche is a victim of herself and her lifestyle as much as she is the victim of an unfair state of affairs. There are occurrences in her life that she could have handled better ad therefore avoided calamity, but there are as well instances where, there was nothing she could do but play along to the tragic up folding events in her eventful life.First she is nurtured in Old South upper-class traditions, she lived in a classy manner in the family homestead Belle Reve, wedded a man she immensely loved, and followed a professional occupational group as an English teacher. From the beginning of the play, it is forthcoming that she is the victim of her lifestyle, and not a conqueror. The individual Blanche is at present can be covered hazard to a solitary day in her epic past. Inside only some hours for the duration of this single day, her life wou ld be altered completely. Blanche unintentionally but walked in on her companion, Allan Grey, in bed having intimacy with another male. She afterwards went to a bar to have a drink with her deceiver spouse and his homosexual partner there she drunkenly told Allan that she was sickened by him. Allan flees the fashion in serious embarrassment from Blanches utterances and turns a revolver he had on his mouth, she hears him commit felo-de-se in the exterior of the bar they were drinking. Any person would be unbalanced after so mucch pandemonium and distress in such a short period. Argument is fronted that since Blanche had inferred to Allan as disgusting, he attached suicide and this makes Blanche the aggressor and not the victim she almost paints herself to be. Allans deeds towards his suicide were totally his and Blanche could not manage to prevent them. It is obvious that neither of the braces could grip the confusion manifesting at the time and handled them in divergent ways. B lanche was just the fatality of the awful state of affairs that affected the love of her life.Without her dearly loved Allan, Blanche ultimately needed love. All the men Blanche would charm in seduction were because she wanted to mend the emptiness in her heart. This was however not the truthful way to manage affairs and if she had gotten help she could properly have dealt with the pain of her keep ups tragic demise.Unfortunately Blanche never had that chance, when she loses her familys plantation, Belle Reve, she is forced to live in Laurel, where she engages in prostitution for the reason that she has no other way of making money to help fend for her personal upkeep. During this tumultuous period, she resides in hotel Flamingo and men seeking sexual pleasures in exchange for money come up to her room every nighttime. Promiscuous sexual relations with men got dreadfully out of control out of hand. Every time one sexual relation ended, a new one budded the next day. This made her to cement a lousy reputation in the small township of Laurel, Mississippi. apprehension that she was still smarting from the demise of her suicidal husband and acknowledging that the various men could not patch up her inconsolable heart, she turned to drinking to evade her misery. Haphazard alcohol drinking and one-night stands eventually makes Blanche to find herself lonely and with nowhere to go.In order to improve her miserable life and acquire a new character, Blanche makes a decision to begin a sporting in divine Fields, New Orleans with her young sister, Stella and her bad-mannered husband Stanley Kowalski. Feigning innocence and perfection, to cover up her inadequacies back down home is not sufficient as Stellas husband can see right through her. Stanley exposes her precedent behavior and devastates the fresh life she has embarked on in New Orleans she again is back where she began. Blanche is victim to Stanleys insensitive mistreatment. Not oblivious to the truth that t hey had not once got along, had Stanley not exposed her secrets, she might just have brilliantly started a fresh, improved life. Only to worsen her life further, she becomes the victim of serious sexual assault to the churlish Stanley. If she was not mentally and emotionally unbalanced mind before, Blanche is absolutely now. Stanley was crooked and should not have handled her the way he did, magical spell she was obviously in such an unselfconfident shape.Due to her disturbing past and no prospects to seek healthy help, Blanche succumbs to mistreatment and becomes the victim to additional situations than she had to all through the routes of her life. In the closing stages of A Streetcar Named Desire, Blanche is taken to mental establishment where it is only hopeful she may get the necessary assistance to her physical, emotional and mental state. She has suffered too much and respite is necessary for her soul.